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western civ final
western civ-tastic
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Thomas More | author of Utopia |
Erasmus | wrote In Praise of Folly, Dutch, Christian humanist |
Gutenberg | creator of the printing press |
Martin Luther | protested the Church and demanded reforms |
Charles V | Holy Roman emperor |
Edict of Worms | declared that Luther was a heretic and an outlaw, no one in the entire empire was to give him food or shelter. All of his books were to be burned. |
Reformation | religious crisis in the Roman Catholic Church |
Protestant | Christians who, seeking change, turned away from the papacy and the Catholic Church |
Predestination | God already knows where you’re going |
Theocracy | government run by the Church |
Counter-Reformation | The wave of reform in the Catholic Church in the 1500’s |
Ignatius Loyola | born 1491, became religious after an injury handicapped him for months, |
Council of Trent | 1545 Catholic Bishops and Cardinals met in Trent and decided that Martin Luther was wrong |
Battle of Lepanto | 10/7/1571 SpanishVenetian vs. Ottoman Turks SpanishVenetian won |
Philip II | Charles V’s son, ruled Spain from 1556 to 1598 |
Peace of Augsburg | the religion of each German state was to be decided by its ruler |
Ferdinand II | king of Czech, Austrian, Catholic, cousin of Philip II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1619 |
Thirty Years’ War | war between German Protestant princes and the Hapsburg Family |
joint-stock company | a special organization to attract capital from many people |
Elizabeth I | Henry VIII’s third child to rule, halfsister of Mary Tudor, ruled from 1558 to 1603 |
Mary Stuart | Elizabeth I’s Catholic cousin, Queen of Scots |
Philip II | ruler of Spain, had been married to Mary Tudor, she died he wanted to marry Elizabeth |
Francis Drake | greatest sea dog, won 600,000 pounds, dubbed a knight by Queen Elizabeth |
Puritan | men and women who wished to purify the Church of England of practices that they thought were too close to Catholicism. |
divine right | the theory that royal power came from God |
James I | son of Mary Stuart, nearest relative of Elizabeth I, king of Scotland and England |
King James Bible | published 1611, poetic, Protestant, |
Charles I | son of James I |
Petition of Right | king would not imprison subjects without due cause, he would not force loans or levy taxes without the consent of Parliament, would not house soldiers in private homes without the owners’ consent, would not imp ose martial law in peacetime |
William Laud | archbishop and leader of the Church of England, loved ceremonies and rich robes, “secret Catholic” |
Cavalier Royalists | loyal to King Charles, English nobles and church officials, long hair |
Roundhead | Puritan townspeople and merchants who supported Parliament, short hair |
Oliver Cromwell | found in 1644, military genius, Roundhead |
New Model Army | military machine lead by Oliver Cromwell, |
absolute monarchy | having complete power |
Charles II | Charles I’s son, Prince Charles Stuart, May 1660 he restored the monarchy and ruled from 1660 to 1685 |
Restoration | 1660 1685 the period of Charles II’s rule |
William and Mary | Mary was James’ first wife’s daughter and was a protestant, William of Orange was a powerful Protestant price of the Netherlands |
Glorious Revolution | William and Mary were invited to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. In November of 1688 William led his army to London and James fled. Bloodless Revolution |
Thomas Hobbes | author of Leviathan in 1651, all humans were naturally wicked, absolute monarchy is best |
John Locke | more positive view than Hobbes, people had the gift of reason, published Treatises on Government |
absolutism | rule by monarchs with unlimited power |
mercantilism | a country’s economic strength rested on certain conditions |
Louis XIV | ruled from 1643 to 1715, most powerful monarch in French history |
Fronde | the violent riots against Mazarin |
Hapsburg | family from Austria who wanted to take advantage of central Europe’s power vacuum |
Hohenzollern | family from north Germany who wanted to take advantage of central Europe’s power vacuum |
Pragmatic Sanction | agreement that recognized Charles’s only child as the heir to all his Hapsburg territories. |
Great Elector | Frederick William, Hohenzollern, made lots of money being diplomatic |
Frederick I | Great Elector’s son, king |
Frederick William I | Frederick I’s son, loved only his army, |
Frederick the Great | son of Frederick William I, ran away at age 18, hated his dad, followed lots of his policies when he came to throne in 1740 |
Maria Theresa | inherited the Hapsburg throne in 1740, patron of Vienna’s culture, reformed the imperial government |
laissez-faire | leave alone |
Smith | Scottish professor who was champion of economic liberty |
Montesquieu | champion of political liberty from France |
Rousseau | Swiss commoner who was champion of political liberty |
enlightened despotism | favoring religious tolerance, making economic and legal reforms, and justifying their rule by its usefulness to society rather than by divine right. |
Cabinet | executive committee that acts in the ruler’s name but in reality represents the majority party in Parliament |
Prime minister | the leader of the majority party in Parliament who heads the cabinet |
constitutional monarchy | the power of the ruler is limited by law |
Frederick II | Prussia’s most enlightened despot, absolute ruler who used his power for the good of the people |
Catherine II | Russia’s most enlightened despot, absolute ruler who used her power for the good of the people |
George I | spoke no English cared more about Hanover than England ruled 1714-1727 |
Robert Walpole | unofficial ruler of Great Britain, First Lord of Treasury |
George III | ruler of Great Britain |
The Navigation Acts | colonists could not sell their most valuable products to any country except Britain, colonists could not buy French or Dutch goods without paying high taxes on them |
The Stamp Acts | colonists had to pay a tax to have an official stamp put on wills, deeds, and other legal documents. Newspapers and other printed material had to be stamped too. |
bourgeoisie | city-dwelling middle class |
sansculottes | those who are without knee breeches; urban workers |
corvée | a form of tax that was paid with work rather than money |
July 14, 1789 | Parisians rioted at Bastille, first stage of the revolution |
Bastille | French fortress where the Parisians rioted/revolted |
Louis XVI | king of France 1774, very weak leadership skills |
Old Regime | the old institutions of monarchy and feudalism that no longer worked for France |
Estates General | the meeting of the three estates; very similar to English Parliament |
Marie Antoinette | wife of Louis XVI, |
National Assembly | the third estate, lead by Abbe Sieyes |
Great Fear | the fear of a plot against the common people |
coup | a seizure of political power by the military |
plebiscite | an election in which all citizens vote yes or no on an issue |
concordat | agreement |
Napoleon Bonaparte | rose to power from 17951799, very powerful |
Napoleonic Code | comprehensive code of laws written from 18011804 |
Austerlitz | on the first anniversary of his coronation as emperor, Napoleon won his greatest victory at Austerlitz. Commanding 73,000 French troops, he smashed an army of 87,000 Russians and Austrians, took 20,000 prisoners, left 15,000 enemy dead on the field, and |
Horatio Nelson | commander of the British fleet, “as brilliant in warfare at sea as Napoleon was on land. |
Trafalgar | in his war against the Third Coalition, Napoleon lost only one major battle, the Battle of Trafalgar. 1805 off the southern coast of Spain. |
Industrial Revolution | 1700-1850ish new machines invented, lots of progress in society started in Britain spread to throughout America and Europe |
Enclosure | wealthy English landowners would buy large plots of land and enclose them in hedges and start commercial farms |
Crop rotation | some crops fertilize the ground so different crops for every season and you rotate between them |
Entrepreneur | a person who initiates or finances new commercial enterprises |
Industrialize | become industrial; factories, companies, cities |
Union | a group of workers joined together for a common goal |
Jethro Tull | British guy who invented seed drill in 1721 |
James Hargreaves | British guy who invented spinning jenny in 1764 |
Edmund Cartwright | British guy who invented power loom in 1785 |
James Watt | Scottish guy who invented steam engine in 1769 |
Richard Trevithick | British guy who invented steam locomotive in 1804 |
George Stephenson | British guy who helped invent steam locomotive in 1804 |
conservative | people who want to conserve or restore the old order, opposed political change |
liberal | groups who favored moderate change |
radical | groups that favored more drastic changes |
romanticism | a combined focuse on emotions, nature, and the individual with nostalgia for the past. |
Congress of Vienna | after Napoleon’s final defeat in 1815, delegates from the major nations of Europe met in Vienna to deal with the aftermath |
Klemens von Metternich | leader of the Congress of Vienna, Austrian foreign minister |
Reform Bill of 1832 | in Great Britain, Parliament in 1832 passed a major Reform Bill. It gave full political rights to most men of the middle class, though still less than 20 percent of male citizens. The bill also provided for representation from new cities such as Manchest |
Louis Philippe | a member of royalty who was willing to accept reforms |
Louis Napoleon | Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew who dissolved the Chamber of Deputies and declared himself emperor |
stock | shares of ownership |
corporation | businesses organized under charters from the government |
emigration | the permanent movement from once country to another |
socialism | state ownership of the means of production such as factories and mine to spread the wealth |
proletariat | workers |
scientific socialism | violent revolution of workers to overthrow the owners of the means of production |
communism | violent revolution of workers to overthrow the owners of the means of production |
suffrage | the right to vote |
realpolitik | a strategy of political realism that combined diplomacy with armed force |
Suez Canal | opened 1869 linked the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. Reduced the distance from Britain to India by 6,000 mils and travel time by a month |
Karl Marx | preached drastic change through violent revolution by masses of workers, ideas became known as scientific socialism or communism. Wrote Communist Manifesto |
Charles Dickens | British realist writer |
Camillo di Cavour | prime minister of Sardinia |
Otto von Bismarck | the leader of the movement for German unification |
militarism | the idea that the use of force was an acceptable way to decide political problems |
mobilize | prepare for war |
neutrality | not taking sides |
total war | a war in which all human and economic resources were used to support the war effort |
propaganda | information chosen to portray a government’s point of view |
armistice | an agreement to end fighting |
self-determination | the right of nationalist groups to form their own countries and governments |
reparations | payments for damages |
mandate | territories to administer under the supervision of the League of Nations |
Kaiser William II | 1890 changed Germany’s foreign policy by forcing Bismarck to resign, aimed to continue the Prussian tradition of military power, under his rule, Germany developed Europe’s largest and most modern army and a navy second only to that of Britain. Abandoned |
Triple Alliance | Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary. Germany and Austria would protect Italy if France was to be attacked. Also, Italy would aid Germany in case France attacked. Italy would be neutral if anybody went to war with Austria. If France and Russia attacked any o |
Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy |
Allied Powers | France, Russia |
Battle of the Marne | following the Battle of Marne, the war entered a three-year stalemate |
Woodrow Wilson | President of United States, wanted peace based on Fourteen Points, self-determination, reducing armaments, secret treaties, adjusting colonial claims. Wanted League of Nations |
Treaty of Versailles | punished Germany, Germany had to surrender 13 percent of its territory, Alsace and Lorraine to France and other areas to Belgium, Denmark, and Poland. Overseas colonies went to Britain and France as mandates. Germany was forced to disarm and to end prod |
autocracy | absolute rule |
abdicate | give up the throne |
soviet | workers’ council |
command economy | one in which the government managed the whole economy and organized it to achieve the goals of the state |
collective farm | giant, government owned farms |
totalitarian | a place where an absolute dictator and oneparty government controlled all aspects of life |
Decembrists | a group of army officers who led a revolt after Alexander’s death in 1825 |
Nicholas II | coronation was in 1894, “I shall maintain the principle of autocracy.” Lots of growth |
TransSiberian Railway | foreign investment aided in it’s construction, 1904 it connected European Russia with Russian ports on the Pacific. Longest railway in the world |
Duma | parliament created by Nicholas II, most members of the Duma were moderates who wanted a constitution, Nicholas dissolved the Duma within three months of its creation |
Lenin | Social Democrat, sought revolution worldwide |
Mensheviks | led by Lenin, wanted to delay revolution until Russia industrialized |
Bolsheviks | wanted an immediate revolution, led by a small but determined group of extreme radicals who would set up a “dictatorship of the proletariat.” |
Rasputin | a peasant who claimed to be a holy man, Rasputin had gained influence with the rulers by seeming to cure their son of a dangerous disease. Rasputin opposed reform and spread corruption at the royal court. His evil influence ended with his murder in 1916 |
Alexander Kerensky | a moderate socialist who revived the Duma as a provisional government. A member of the workers’ council or the soviet in St. Petersburg |
Treaty of Brest Litovsk | the Bolshevik government signed with Germany in March 1918. Russia gave up one fourth of its European territory to Germany, along with many of its mines and factories |
Communist party | Bolsheviks renamed their party the Communist party, came from Karl Marx’s writings |
Trotsky | revolutionary leader of the Bolshevik Red Army |
Cheka | Bolshevik secret police |
New Economic Policy | began in 1921 by Lenin, combined elements of capitalism with the Bolshevik’s state socialism |
Stalin | head of the Communist party, took control of Russia in 1924 when Lenin died, 1929 he forced Trotsky into exile and gained power |
FiveYear Plan | plans made by Stalin to improve industry and agriculture |
nonaggression pact | august 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union announced a tenyear nonaggression pact pledging not to attack each other |
blitzkrieg | Germany’s sudden, massive attack meaning “lightning war”, using fastmoving weapons of modern war |
underground | secret resistance movement |
Polish Corridor | a strip of land cut from Germany after World War I to give Poland access to the sea |
Luftwaffe | the German air force |
Winston Churchill | the successor to Neville Chamberlain who came into power in May 1940, very against Hitler, had “nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat.” |
Maginot Line | an elaborate set of fortifications along the German border of France |
Dunkirk | port on the English Channel where 338,000 soldiers were rescued by civilian boaters |
Vichy Regime | Pétain’s government, overtime became closer with the Nazi’s |
Free French | underground formed by Charles de Gaulle |
Charles de Gaulle | French General who formed Free French, |
RAF | Britain’s Royal Air Force |
Lend-Lease Act | March 1941, a program to lend and lease supplies to all countries fighting against aggressors |
Guadal-canal | in the Solomon Islands, July 1942 to February 1943. The Allied Powers vs. the Japanese |
Chester W. Nimitz | commander in chief of the Pacific fleet |
Battle of Midway | June 3, 1942, Allied forces took out the Japanese navy and Hawaii was never seriously threatened again |
Maginot Line | an elaborate set of fortifications along the German border of France |
Thomas More | author of Utopia |
Erasmus | wrote In Praise of Folly, Dutch, Christian humanist |
Gutenberg | creator of the printing press |
Martin Luther | protested the Church and demanded reforms |
Charles V | Holy Roman emperor |
Edict of Worms | declared that Luther was a heretic and an outlaw, no one in the entire empire was to give him food or shelter. All of his books were to be burned. |
Reformation | religious crisis in the Roman Catholic Church |
Protestant | Christians who, seeking change, turned away from the papacy and the Catholic Church |
Predestination | God already knows where you’re going |
Theocracy | government run by the Church |
Counter-Reformation | The wave of reform in the Catholic Church in the 1500’s |
Ignatius Loyola | born 1491, became religious after an injury handicapped him for months, |
Council of Trent | 1545 Catholic Bishops and Cardinals met in Trent and decided that Martin Luther was wrong |
Battle of Lepanto | 10/7/1571 SpanishVenetian vs. Ottoman Turks SpanishVenetian won |
Philip II | Charles V’s son, ruled Spain from 1556 to 1598 |
Peace of Augsburg | the religion of each German state was to be decided by its ruler |
Ferdinand II | king of Czech, Austrian, Catholic, cousin of Philip II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1619 |
Thirty Years’ War | war between German Protestant princes and the Hapsburg Family |
joint-stock company | a special organization to attract capital from many people |
Elizabeth I | Henry VIII’s third child to rule, halfsister of Mary Tudor, ruled from 1558 to 1603 |
Mary Stuart | Elizabeth I’s Catholic cousin, Queen of Scots |
Philip II | ruler of Spain, had been married to Mary Tudor, she died he wanted to marry Elizabeth |
Francis Drake | greatest sea dog, won 600,000 pounds, dubbed a knight by Queen Elizabeth |
Puritan | men and women who wished to purify the Church of England of practices that they thought were too close to Catholicism. |
divine right | the theory that royal power came from God |
James I | son of Mary Stuart, nearest relative of Elizabeth I, king of Scotland and England |
King James Bible | published 1611, poetic, Protestant, |
Charles I | son of James I |
Petition of Right | king would not imprison subjects without due cause, he would not force loans or levy taxes without the consent of Parliament, would not house soldiers in private homes without the owners’ consent, would not imp ose martial law in peacetime |
William Laud | archbishop and leader of the Church of England, loved ceremonies and rich robes, “secret Catholic” |
Cavalier Royalists | loyal to King Charles, English nobles and church officials, long hair |
Roundhead | Puritan townspeople and merchants who supported Parliament, short hair |
Oliver Cromwell | found in 1644, military genius, Roundhead |
New Model Army | military machine lead by Oliver Cromwell, |
absolute monarchy | having complete power |
Charles II | Charles I’s son, Prince Charles Stuart, May 1660 he restored the monarchy and ruled from 1660 to 1685 |
Restoration | 1660 1685 the period of Charles II’s rule |
William and Mary | Mary was James’ first wife’s daughter and was a protestant, William of Orange was a powerful Protestant price of the Netherlands |
Glorious Revolution | William and Mary were invited to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. In November of 1688 William led his army to London and James fled. Bloodless Revolution |
Thomas Hobbes | author of Leviathan in 1651, all humans were naturally wicked, absolute monarchy is best |
John Locke | more positive view than Hobbes, people had the gift of reason, published Treatises on Government |
absolutism | rule by monarchs with unlimited power |
mercantilism | a country’s economic strength rested on certain conditions |
Louis XIV | ruled from 1643 to 1715, most powerful monarch in French history |
Fronde | the violent riots against Mazarin |
Hapsburg | family from Austria who wanted to take advantage of central Europe’s power vacuum |
Hohenzollern | family from north Germany who wanted to take advantage of central Europe’s power vacuum |
Pragmatic Sanction | agreement that recognized Charles’s only child as the heir to all his Hapsburg territories. |
Great Elector | Frederick William, Hohenzollern, made lots of money being diplomatic |
Frederick I | Great Elector’s son, king |
Frederick William I | Frederick I’s son, loved only his army, |
Frederick the Great | son of Frederick William I, ran away at age 18, hated his dad, followed lots of his policies when he came to throne in 1740 |
Maria Theresa | inherited the Hapsburg throne in 1740, patron of Vienna’s culture, reformed the imperial government |
laissez-faire | leave alone |
Smith | Scottish professor who was champion of economic liberty |
Montesquieu | champion of political liberty from France |
Rousseau | Swiss commoner who was champion of political liberty |
enlightened despotism | favoring religious tolerance, making economic and legal reforms, and justifying their rule by its usefulness to society rather than by divine right. |
Cabinet | executive committee that acts in the ruler’s name but in reality represents the majority party in Parliament |
Prime minister | the leader of the majority party in Parliament who heads the cabinet |
constitutional monarchy | the power of the ruler is limited by law |
Frederick II | Prussia’s most enlightened despot, absolute ruler who used his power for the good of the people |
Catherine II | Russia’s most enlightened despot, absolute ruler who used her power for the good of the people |
George I | spoke no English cared more about Hanover than England ruled 1714-1727 |
Robert Walpole | unofficial ruler of Great Britain, First Lord of Treasury |
George III | ruler of Great Britain |
The Navigation Acts | colonists could not sell their most valuable products to any country except Britain, colonists could not buy French or Dutch goods without paying high taxes on them |
The Stamp Acts | colonists had to pay a tax to have an official stamp put on wills, deeds, and other legal documents. Newspapers and other printed material had to be stamped too. |
bourgeoisie | city-dwelling middle class |
sansculottes | those who are without knee breeches; urban workers |
corvée | a form of tax that was paid with work rather than money |
July 14, 1789 | Parisians rioted at Bastille, first stage of the revolution |
Bastille | French fortress where the Parisians rioted/revolted |
Louis XVI | king of France 1774, very weak leadership skills |
Old Regime | the old institutions of monarchy and feudalism that no longer worked for France |
Estates General | the meeting of the three estates; very similar to English Parliament |
Marie Antoinette | wife of Louis XVI, |
National Assembly | the third estate, lead by Abbe Sieyes |
Great Fear | the fear of a plot against the common people |
coup | a seizure of political power by the military |
plebiscite | an election in which all citizens vote yes or no on an issue |
concordat | agreement |
Napoleon Bonaparte | rose to power from 17951799, very powerful |
Napoleonic Code | comprehensive code of laws written from 18011804 |
Austerlitz | on the first anniversary of his coronation as emperor, Napoleon won his greatest victory at Austerlitz. Commanding 73,000 French troops, he smashed an army of 87,000 Russians and Austrians, took 20,000 prisoners, left 15,000 enemy dead on the field, and |
Horatio Nelson | commander of the British fleet, “as brilliant in warfare at sea as Napoleon was on land. |
Trafalgar | in his war against the Third Coalition, Napoleon lost only one major battle, the Battle of Trafalgar. 1805 off the southern coast of Spain. |
Industrial Revolution | 1700-1850ish new machines invented, lots of progress in society started in Britain spread to throughout America and Europe |
Enclosure | wealthy English landowners would buy large plots of land and enclose them in hedges and start commercial farms |
Crop rotation | some crops fertilize the ground so different crops for every season and you rotate between them |
Entrepreneur | a person who initiates or finances new commercial enterprises |
Industrialize | become industrial; factories, companies, cities |
Union | a group of workers joined together for a common goal |
Jethro Tull | British guy who invented seed drill in 1721 |
James Hargreaves | British guy who invented spinning jenny in 1764 |
Edmund Cartwright | British guy who invented power loom in 1785 |
James Watt | Scottish guy who invented steam engine in 1769 |
Richard Trevithick | British guy who invented steam locomotive in 1804 |
George Stephenson | British guy who helped invent steam locomotive in 1804 |
conservative | people who want to conserve or restore the old order, opposed political change |
liberal | groups who favored moderate change |
radical | groups that favored more drastic changes |
romanticism | a combined focuse on emotions, nature, and the individual with nostalgia for the past. |
Congress of Vienna | after Napoleon’s final defeat in 1815, delegates from the major nations of Europe met in Vienna to deal with the aftermath |
Klemens von Metternich | leader of the Congress of Vienna, Austrian foreign minister |
Reform Bill of 1832 | in Great Britain, Parliament in 1832 passed a major Reform Bill. It gave full political rights to most men of the middle class, though still less than 20 percent of male citizens. The bill also provided for representation from new cities such as Manchest |
Louis Philippe | a member of royalty who was willing to accept reforms |
Louis Napoleon | Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew who dissolved the Chamber of Deputies and declared himself emperor |
stock | shares of ownership |
corporation | businesses organized under charters from the government |
emigration | the permanent movement from once country to another |
socialism | state ownership of the means of production such as factories and mine to spread the wealth |
proletariat | workers |
scientific socialism | violent revolution of workers to overthrow the owners of the means of production |
communism | violent revolution of workers to overthrow the owners of the means of production |
suffrage | the right to vote |
realpolitik | a strategy of political realism that combined diplomacy with armed force |
Suez Canal | opened 1869 linked the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. Reduced the distance from Britain to India by 6,000 mils and travel time by a month |
Karl Marx | preached drastic change through violent revolution by masses of workers, ideas became known as scientific socialism or communism. Wrote Communist Manifesto |
Charles Dickens | British realist writer |
Camillo di Cavour | prime minister of Sardinia |
Otto von Bismarck | the leader of the movement for German unification |
militarism | the idea that the use of force was an acceptable way to decide political problems |
mobilize | prepare for war |
neutrality | not taking sides |
total war | a war in which all human and economic resources were used to support the war effort |
propaganda | information chosen to portray a government’s point of view |
armistice | an agreement to end fighting |
self-determination | the right of nationalist groups to form their own countries and governments |
reparations | payments for damages |
mandate | territories to administer under the supervision of the League of Nations |
Kaiser William II | 1890 changed Germany’s foreign policy by forcing Bismarck to resign, aimed to continue the Prussian tradition of military power, under his rule, Germany developed Europe’s largest and most modern army and a navy second only to that of Britain. Abandoned |
Triple Alliance | Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary. Germany and Austria would protect Italy if France was to be attacked. Also, Italy would aid Germany in case France attacked. Italy would be neutral if anybody went to war with Austria. If France and Russia attacked any o |
Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy |
Allied Powers | France, Russia |
Battle of the Marne | following the Battle of Marne, the war entered a three-year stalemate |
Woodrow Wilson | President of United States, wanted peace based on Fourteen Points, self-determination, reducing armaments, secret treaties, adjusting colonial claims. Wanted League of Nations |
Treaty of Versailles | punished Germany, Germany had to surrender 13 percent of its territory, Alsace and Lorraine to France and other areas to Belgium, Denmark, and Poland. Overseas colonies went to Britain and France as mandates. Germany was forced to disarm and to end prod |
autocracy | absolute rule |
abdicate | give up the throne |
soviet | workers’ council |
command economy | one in which the government managed the whole economy and organized it to achieve the goals of the state |
collective farm | giant, government owned farms |
totalitarian | a place where an absolute dictator and oneparty government controlled all aspects of life |
Decembrists | a group of army officers who led a revolt after Alexander’s death in 1825 |
Nicholas II | coronation was in 1894, “I shall maintain the principle of autocracy.” Lots of growth |
TransSiberian Railway | foreign investment aided in it’s construction, 1904 it connected European Russia with Russian ports on the Pacific. Longest railway in the world |
Duma | parliament created by Nicholas II, most members of the Duma were moderates who wanted a constitution, Nicholas dissolved the Duma within three months of its creation |
Lenin | Social Democrat, sought revolution worldwide |
Mensheviks | led by Lenin, wanted to delay revolution until Russia industrialized |
Bolsheviks | wanted an immediate revolution, led by a small but determined group of extreme radicals who would set up a “dictatorship of the proletariat.” |
Rasputin | a peasant who claimed to be a holy man, Rasputin had gained influence with the rulers by seeming to cure their son of a dangerous disease. Rasputin opposed reform and spread corruption at the royal court. His evil influence ended with his murder in 1916 |
Alexander Kerensky | a moderate socialist who revived the Duma as a provisional government. A member of the workers’ council or the soviet in St. Petersburg |
Treaty of Brest Litovsk | the Bolshevik government signed with Germany in March 1918. Russia gave up one fourth of its European territory to Germany, along with many of its mines and factories |
Communist party | Bolsheviks renamed their party the Communist party, came from Karl Marx’s writings |
Trotsky | revolutionary leader of the Bolshevik Red Army |
Cheka | Bolshevik secret police |
New Economic Policy | began in 1921 by Lenin, combined elements of capitalism with the Bolshevik’s state socialism |
Stalin | head of the Communist party, took control of Russia in 1924 when Lenin died, 1929 he forced Trotsky into exile and gained power |
FiveYear Plan | plans made by Stalin to improve industry and agriculture |
nonaggression pact | august 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union announced a tenyear nonaggression pact pledging not to attack each other |
blitzkrieg | Germany’s sudden, massive attack meaning “lightning war”, using fastmoving weapons of modern war |
underground | secret resistance movement |
Polish Corridor | a strip of land cut from Germany after World War I to give Poland access to the sea |
Luftwaffe | the German air force |
Winston Churchill | the successor to Neville Chamberlain who came into power in May 1940, very against Hitler, had “nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat.” |
Maginot Line | an elaborate set of fortifications along the German border of France |
Dunkirk | port on the English Channel where 338,000 soldiers were rescued by civilian boaters |
Vichy Regime | Pétain’s government, overtime became closer with the Nazi’s |
Free French | underground formed by Charles de Gaulle |
Charles de Gaulle | French General who formed Free French, |
RAF | Britain’s Royal Air Force |
Lend-Lease Act | March 1941, a program to lend and lease supplies to all countries fighting against aggressors |
Guadal-canal | in the Solomon Islands, July 1942 to February 1943. The Allied Powers vs. the Japanese |
Chester W. Nimitz | commander in chief of the Pacific fleet |
Battle of Midway | June 3, 1942, Allied forces took out the Japanese navy and Hawaii was never seriously threatened again |
Maginot Line | an elaborate set of fortifications along the German border of France |