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AP75 Final Exam
Anatomy & Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where are the arms in anatomic position? | at the side of the body |
| What plane divides the body into front and back? | Coronal (Frontal) |
| What prefix tells us the term is describing the hardening of structures? | Sclero |
| Three common structural components of almost all cells in the body are a nucleus, cytoplasm, and ____________. | plasma membrane |
| What type of cellular transportation is it when ATP is used to transport particles against a concentration or pressure gradient? | Active transport |
| What term is used to describe multiple layers of epithelial cells? | Stratified |
| Which of the three common components of all connective tissue gives it a thixotropic nature? | ground substance |
| Which layer of skin contains the blood vessels and sensory receptors? | dermis |
| What type of stimulus are nociceptors sensitive to? | tissue damage |
| The ABCD warning signs of skin cancer stand for Asymmetry, Borders, ___________, and _______________. | Color, Diameter |
| Knowing the bone landmarks helps a manual therapist locate specific soft tissue structure and: | identify postural and movement dysfunctions |
| Which bone is part of the axial skeleton? | Sacrum |
| What is the name of the lateral bone in the leg? | Fibula |
| What bone is the only freely movable bone in the skull? | mandible |
| Which of these four types of bone cells are the mature bone cells? | Osteocytes |
| The connective tissue covering on the outside of a bone is the ___________________. | periosteum |
| The mastoid process is a bone projection on which bone? | Temporal |
| What is the name for the movement of turning the forearm so the palm faces backward? | pronation |
| Closing your mouth and shrugging your shoulders are both examples of what special movement? | Elevation |
| What is the other term for scapular adduction? | Retraction |
| Why is it important for manual therapists to thoroughly understand the structures and functions of the muscular system? | Muscle pain and tension may be the most common reason people seek manual therapy treatments. |
| What is the name of the large central portion of the muscle? | belly |
| Which muscle attachment is generally on the non-moving bone during motion? | origin |
| The perimysium is a layer of fascia that surrounds a group of muscle fibers, dividing the muscle into several compartments called _________? | fascicles |
| A skeletal muscle fiber, or muscle cell, is made up of smaller fibers called __________________. | myofibrils |
| What type of muscle contraction increases muscle tension but does not result in movement? | isometric |
| What change occurs in a muscle during an eccentric contraction? | Tension increases and the muscle lengthens |
| What type of muscle contraction occurs in the biceps brachii as you lower a barbell to the table? | eccentric contraction |
| The physiologic processes that occur as the oxygen debt is paid back include: | metabolizing lactic acid and replenishing energy supplies. |
| A wheelbarrow and standing heel-raise exercises are examples of what class of lever? | Second |
| Which of these structures is a primary component of the central nervous system? | Spinal cord |
| Which of these cranial nerves is a sensory-only nerve? | Olfactory |
| What is the name of cranial nerve V? | trigeminal nerve |
| Which cranial nerve innervates the abdominal viscera? | Vagus |
| The olfactory and gustatory receptors are both examples of what type of receptor? | Chemoreceptor |
| Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles and joint receptors are all examples of what type of receptor? | proprioceptors |
| What is the name of the middle layer of meninges? | Arachnoid mater |
| What is the name of the specialized capillaries that produce cerebrospinal fluid? | Choroid plexus |
| What is the function of the medulla oblongata? | Serves as the center for respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor reflexes. |
| Which lobe of the cerebral cortex contains the primary motor and speech control centers? | frontal |
| What effects of manual therapy on the cardiovascular system are most supported by research? | Reduced Ischemia |
| Which layer of the heart is composed of striated and involuntary muscle tissue? | myocardium |
| What is the name of the thin epithelial tissue layer of the heart wall that is the inner surface of each chamber? | Endocardium |
| What portion of the cardiac conduction system serves as the pacemaker? | Sinoatrial valve |
| Where is the pacemaker of the cardiac conduction system located? | Inside the wall of the right atrium |
| The primary influences over venous flow are the one-way valves and ______________. | skeletal muscle contractions |
| The amount of pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the arteries is called ________________. | blood pressure |
| What is the "normal" blood pressure reading for an average-sized adult? | 120 over 80 |
| Which external signs are the best indicators that tissue repair has passed into the subacute phase? | No heat or redness is observed or palpated |
| What is the term of the subacute phase of tissue healing? | Proliferative phase |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system? | Controls fluid volumes and cellular sensitivity to stimulus |
| The cardiovascular system contributes to tissue healing in two ways: transportation of repair materials and removal of cellular debris, plus: | the clotting process |
| Approximately what percentage of blood volume is plasma? | 55% |
| Which group of plasma proteins functions as carrier proteins for steroid hormones and contributes the most to osmotic pressure of blood to maintain blood volume? | Albumins |
| Which formed element in blood plays a key role in blood clotting? | Thrombocytes |
| Which of these formed elements is an example of an agranular leukocyte? | Lymphocyte |
| Which formed element is actually a cell fragment with mitochondria and a number of active enzymes? | Thrombocyte |
| Which category of formed element is the most abundant type of cell in blood? | Erythrocyte |
| Why is the muscular layer in arteries thicker than that in veins? | It makes them more resilient and creates a recoil that is important for arterial flow. |
| What is the name for the small blood vessels that carry blood out of a capillary bed? | Venules |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system? | Controls fluid volume and cellular sensitivity to stimulus |
| The body's "circulatory system"is actually a combination of the cardiovascular system and what other system? | lymphatic |
| What is the anatomic name for a red blood cell? | Erythrocyte |
| Which formed element is responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide? | Erythrocyte |
| Similar to plasma, lymph fluid is mostly made up of what two substances? | water and electrolytes |
| Which component of lymph gives it the characteristic milky appearance? | foreign substances |
| Interstitial fluid must flow through pre-lymphatic channels before entering the initial vessels of the lymphatic network in which of these tissues? | epidermis and endomysium |
| How does the combination of the Swedish massage strokes and petrissage and effleurage help reduce traumatic edema? | it shifts interstitial fluid into undamaged areas with more blood and lymph vessels |
| What is another term for antibody? | Immunoglobulin |
| Transmission of antibodies from mother to child is an example of what type of immunity? | Naturally acquired passive |
| Where are the adrenal glands located? | on top of each kidney |
| What hormone stimulates absorption of NA from urine and secretion of K from the blood into the urine? | Adosterone |
| What endocrine glands secretes the tropic hormones? | anterior pituitary |
| When blood sugar levels are low, what hormone is released? | Glucagon |
| What is the target organ for FSH? | gonads |
| The name of the primary glucocorticoid is __________________, which is secreted by the __________________. | cortisol, adrenal cortex |
| What is the target organ for pineal gland secretions? | brain |
| What is the function of insulin? | decrease glucose level in the blood |
| What is the primary hormone released by the pineal gland? | Melatonin |
| Which of these hormones is often referred to as a "stress hormone?" | cortisol |
| In the process of delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, the respiratory system also helps in what other physiologic processes? | maintenance of blood pH and elimination of heat and water |
| Which respiratory structure houses the structures of voice production in addition to functioning as a passageway for air? | larynx |
| Pharynx is the anatomic name for what structure? | throat |
| What is a functional purpose of the nose and sinuses? | warm and moisten air before it enters the lungs |
| Which of these statements is the best reason for manual therapists to study the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system? | abdominal viscera and common sources of referred pain |
| What digestive process is described as the mixing and forward movement of substances through the GI tract? | peristalsis |
| What are the functions of the large intestine? | absorption of water and elimination |
| The first section of the small intestine is the _______________. | duodenum |
| What term is used for the chewed-up mixture of food and saliva that is swallowed? | Bolus |
| Which nutrient is generally the body's last choice for producing energy? | Protein |
| The primary functions of the urinary system are to filter blood to help regulate fluid volume, plus: | help balance blood pressure, pH and electrolytes |
| When the micturition reflex signals the internal urethral sphincter to release, what other simultaneous action occurs? | a motor signal is sent to the external urethral sphincter to contract |
| Which urinary organ serves as the site for urine storage? | bladder |
| Which of these is considered the "functional unit" of the urinary system? | nephron |
| Which of these effects of manual therapy is most likely to support reproductive system processes? | stress reduction |
| Which term describes the external sex organs? | genitalia |
| What two pituitary hormones are the gonadotropins that stimulate gamete production? | FSH, LH |
| Which structure in the female reproductive system is also called the birth canal? | vagina |
| The successful fertilization of an egg is dependent on sexual intercourse occurring within a window of 24 hours before ovulation and no more than _______________ after. | 3 to 4 days |
Created by:
Afulton
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