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Nervous system
Structure & Function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nerve cell, Neuron | |
| cell body | Part of a nerve cell that has branches or fibers that reach out to send or receive impulses. |
| dendrite | A thin branching extension of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body. |
| axon | Part of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. |
| myelin sheath | Fatty tissue that covers axons. |
| terminal end fibers | Group of fibers at the end of an axon that passes the impulses leaving the neuron to the next neuron. |
| synapse | Space over which nerve impulses jump from one neuron to another. |
| neurotransmitters | Various substances located in tiny sacs at the end of the axon. |
| excitability | Ability to respond to stimuli. |
| stimulus | Anything that arouses a response. |
| conductivity | Ability to transmit a signal. |
| efferent (motor) neuron | Neuron that carries information to the muscles and glands from the central nervous system. |
| afferent (sensory) neuron: | Neuron that carries information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system. |
| Interneuron | Neuron that carries and processes sensory information. |
| nerves | Bundle of neurons that bear electrical messages to the organs and muscles of the body. |
| acetylcholine | Chemical that stimulates cells. |
| noreplnerphrine | Hormone produced in response to stress. |
| nerve impulse | Released energy that is received or transmitted by tissue or organs and that usually provokes a response. |
| receptors | Tissue or organ that receives nerve impulses; part of a target cell with properties compatible with a particular substance (hormone). |
| neurillema | membranous covering of myelin sheath |
| blood brain barrier | barrier that permits a few chemicals to reach brains neurons but blocks most |
| central nervous system | The brain and spinal cord. |
| brain | Body organ responsible for controlling the body’s functions and interactions with outside stimuli. |
| brain stem | One of the four major divisions of the brain; division that controls certain heart, lung, and visual functions. |
| midbrain | Part of the brainstem involved with visual reflexes. |
| pons | Part of the brainstem that controls certain respiratory functions. |
| medulla oblongata | Part of the brainstem that regulates heart and lung functions, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing. |
| cerebellum | One of the four major divisions of the brain; division that coordinates musculoskeletal movement. |
| cerebrum | One of the four major divisions of the brain; division involved with emotions, memory, conscious thought, moral behavior, sensory interpretations, and certain bodily movement. |
| cerebral cortex | Outer portion of the cerebrum. |
| fissure | Deep slit in the skin; deep furrow or slit (as in bone); one of many indentations of the cerebrum; sulcus |
| convolutions | Folds in the cerebral cortex; gyri. |
| basil ganglia | Large masses of gray matter within the cerebrum. |
| frontal lobe | controls voluntary motor movements, emotions, behaviors |
| parietal lobe | controls and interprets sense and taste |
| temporal lobe | controls memory, equilibrium, emotion and hearing |
| occipital lobe | controls vision and form of expression |
| corpus callosum | Bridge of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum. |
| diencephalon | One of the four major structures of the brain; it is the deep portion of the brain and contains the thalamus. |
| thalamus | serves as a sensory relay station. |
| hypothalamus | serves as a sensory relay station; gland in the nervous system that releases hormones to aid in regulating pituitary hormones. |
| epithalamus, ventral thalamus | serves as a sensory relay station. |
| cranium | Bony structure that the brain sits in. |
| cerebral spinal fluid | Watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord |
| ventricle | 1. Either of the two lower chambers of the heart. 2. Cavity in the brain for cerebrospinal fluid. |
| spinal cord | extends down from the occipital bone (medulla oblongata) to the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrae |
| meninges | Three layers of membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. |
| dura mater | Three layers of membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. |
| arachnoid | Middle layer of meninges. |
| subdural space | Area between the dura mater and the pia mater across which the arachnoid runs. |
| pia mater | Innermost layer of meninges |
| epidural space | Area between the pia mater and the bones of the spinal cord. |
| olfactory (sensory) | sense of smell |
| optic (sensory) | sense of vision |
| oculomotor (motor) | involves movement of eyes, controlling both exterior and interior of parts of the eye |
| trochlear (motor) | muscles that move the eye |
| trigeminal (sensory and motor) | eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, teeth, gums, lips and mouth ,muscles |
| abducens (motor) | muscle conditioning |
| facial (sensory and motor) | taste, facial expressions, tear and salivary glands |
| vestibulocochlear (sensory) | equilibrium and hearing |
| glossopharyngeal (sensory and motor) | pharynx, tonsils, tongue, carotid artery, stimulates salivary glands |
| vagus (sensory and motor) | speech, swallowing, heart muscles and certain glands |
| accessory (cranial and spinal- motor) | muscles of soft palate, pharynx, larynx, neck and back |
| hypoglossal (motor) | muscles that move the tongue |
| cervical (neck) | muscles of the back of the head, neck and in the diaphragm |
| brachial (lower neck, axila) | muscles of the skin of the neck, shoulders, arm and hand |
| lumbar (posterior ab wall) | abdominal skin and muscles |
| sacral (posterior pelvis wall) | muscles off the butt, thighs, feet, legs and voluntary sphincters |
| coccygeal (coccyx and surrounding area) | skin in coccyx region |
| cervical nerves | C1-C8 |
| thoracic nerves | T1-T12 |
| Lumbar nerves (cauda equina) | L1-L5 |
| Sacral nerves | S1-S5 |
| Coccygeal nerve | Co |
| parasympathetic nervous system | Part of the autonomic nervous system that operates when the body is in a normal state. |
| sympathetic nervous system | Part of the autonomic nervous system that operates when the body is under stress. |
| cranial nerves | Any of 12 pairs of nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain. |
| spinal nerves | Any of 31 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord and the torso and extremities. |
| somatic nervous system | Part of the peripheral nervous system that receives and processes sensory input from various parts of the body. |
| autonomic nervous system | Part of the peripheral nervous system that carries impulses from the central nervous system to glands, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and various membranes. |
Created by:
SViner
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