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A&P
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Tuberosity | large bump |
| tubercle | small bump |
| Fibrous | Synarthrotic (immovable) |
| Cartilaginous | Amiphiarthrotic (slightly movable) |
| synovial | Diarthrotic (movable) |
| axial | portion of skeleton made up up of bones in spine, skull, and torso |
| appendicular | portion of skeleton made up of bones of limbs |
| depression | downward |
| elevation | upward |
| diaphysis | shaft of long bone |
| epiphysis | end portion of long bone |
| metaphysis | area where diaphysis joins epiphysis |
| osteogenesis | bone formation/production |
| hyaline cartilage | translucent type of cartilage present in joints |
| lordotic curve | concave curve of cervical and lumbar spin |
| Kypnotic curve | convex curve of thoratic and sacral spine |
| fibrous joint | joint in which bone ends are held together with fibrous connective tissue |
| cartilaginous joint | joint that allows partial movement |
| Synovial joint | joint with fibrous capsule and synovial lining, allowing free movement |
| bursa | small synovial fluid-filled sac found in some synovial joints |
| ball-and-socket joint | joint in which rounded end of one bone fits into socket depression of another |
| gliding joint | joint with smooth flat surfaces that slide and glide across one another |
| sarcomere | contractile unit within muscle fiber made up of a pattern of actin and myosin filaments |
| actin | thin protein myofilaments |
| myosin | thick protein myofilaments |
| z line | separates sarcomere |
| m line | center where myosin attaches |
| myoglobin | oxygen-transporting protein |
| hemoglobin | iron -containing protein |
| ligaments | Fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone |
| tendons | fibrous connective tissue then connects muscles to bone |
| direct phosphorylation | energy production in which phosphate group is broken off creatine prosphate and added to ADP to create ATP |
| anaerobic metabolism | energy production that occurs without presence of oxygen |
| Aerobic metabolism | energy Production that requires oxygen |
| motor unit | composed of single motor neuron plus multiple fibers |
| motor neuron | cell that transmits impulses from central nervous system to glandular or musclar tissue |
| isometric contacton | muscle contraction that increases tension, but doesn’t create movement |
| isotonic contraction | muscle contraction that creates movement |
| muscle cramp | acute involuntary muscle contraction that lasts several minutes |
| muscle spasm | involuntary muscle contraction sustained over hours, days, weeks, or months |
| parallel muscle | muscle whose fibers are same length and in parallel arrangement |
| pennate muscle | muscles with shorter fibers that run in an oblique line to attach to central tendon |
| reciprocal inhibition | reflex mechanism that coordinates effort between agonist and antagonist muscles |
| Tendonitis | acute injuries with inflammation, edema, and pain |
| Tendonosis | overuse, chronic strain, and micro tearing |
| atrophy | decrease in size of a tissue or organ due to cellular shrinkage |
| hyper atrophy | excessive development of an organ or part |
| ribosomes | synthesizes proteins |
| endoplasmic reticulum | creates pathways, allowing movement of substances |
| smooth er | produce lipids and steroids |
| Golgi apparatus | processes and packages proteins and lipids |
| lysosomes | enzymes that destroy foreign substances and digest worn out cell structure |
| mitochondria | produces atp |
| microvilli | microscopic hair like projections - used for absorption |
| cilia | hair like projections that extend outward - help move or brush |
| cytoplasm | protein filaments and tubules that extend through cytoplasm, providing strength, mobility, and shape to cells |
| phagocytes | cells that engulf, ingest, and absorb other cells, cell fragments, and debris |
| phagocytosis | the process of engulfing, ingesting, and absorbing other cells |
| vesicle | small sac filled with liquid inside cells or tissues |
| osmosis | water moves from high to low concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | special carrier molecules assist in moving substances |
| anabolism | building process - replace, repair, or store cells and tissues |
| catabolism | process used to break down nutrients |
| 4 types of tissue | connective, nervous, muscle, and epithelial tissue epithelial tissue - protects, lines, and secretes |
| collagen | thick extensible, not elastic fiber |
| reticulin | type of thin, delicate collagen |
| elastin | protein that makes up elastic |
| adhesion | point in Connective tissue where fibers bound together and/or when substance becomes thick or stiff |
| mitosis | REGULAR cell division |
| meiosis | SEX cell division |
| stimulus | any internal or external change in the environment that produces a response ic |
| receptor | sensory organs that are sensitive to specific type of stimuli |
| Effector | target cell, tissue, or organ that responds to a specific stimulus |
| negative feedback | most common homeostatic control mechanism |
| positive feedback | least common homeostatic control mechanism |
| dys- | painful or difficult |
| -algia | painful conditions |
| endo- | inside |
| -lysis | dissolution; loosening; destruction |
| sign | objective indicator of disease that's usually measurable |
| symptom | subjective indicator of disease that's not easily measured |
| physiologic effect | objective changes in body structure and/or function |
| structural effect | physical changes created by manual therapy |
| superior | above; closer to head |
| inferior | below; closer to feet |
| proximal | closer to attachment point |
| distal | further from attachment point |
| RUQ | right upper quadrant |
| RLQ | right lower quadrant |
| LUQ | left upper quadrant |
| LLQ | left lower quadrant |
| 9 body regions | left hypochondriac, epigastric, right hypochondriac, left lumbar, umbilical, right lumbar, left iliac, hypogastric, right iliac |
| sequela | lasting result of a specific disease or dysfunction |
| sagittal plane | vertically divides body into left and right |
| transverse plane | horizontally divides body into top and bottom |
| frontal plane | vertically divides body and front and back |
| extension | posterior movement of a body part in sagittal plane |
| flexion | anterior movement of a body part in sagittal plane |
| adduction | movement toward midline of the body |
| abduction | movement away from midline of the body |
| meissner corpuscles | vibration and light touch |
| pacinian corpuscles | high frequency vibration, deep pressure |
| Ruffini corpuscles | deep touch, pressure, tissue distortion |
| first degree burn | superficial epidermis; red, hot, inflamed, sunburn. heals within days |
| second degree burn | all layers of epidermis damaged; red, swollen, blistered, and painful |
| third degree burn | leathery; black or white. destroys epidermis, dermis, accessory organs and glands |
| synovial membrane | thin connective tissue that line cavities of joints, tendons, bursae, and sheaths |
| mucous membrane | secretes mucus and lines cavities that open to outside environment |
| serous membrane | folds to cover organs and line a cavity without openings |
| cutaneous membrane | skin |
| basal cell carcinoma | most common type of skin cancer |
| malignant melanoma | most serious type of skin cancer - aggressive and can be fatal |
| epidermis | superficial layer of skin |
| dermis | connective tissue layer of skin |
| hypodermis | |
| extensible | ability to stretch |
| elastic | ability to return to original shape after being stretched |
| papillary region | superficial region of dermis |
| reticular region | deeper region of dermis |
| melanin | dark pigment that determines hair and skin color |
| arrector pili | small muscle attached to a hair follicle |
| langerhans cells | specialized cells found in spiny layer of epidermis |
| visceral serous membrane | pertaining to organ or serious membrane ayer that surrounds organ |
| pleura | lines thoracic cavity and surround the lungs |
| peritoneum | cover abdominal organs and lines abdominal cavity |
| sudoriferous Gland | sweat gland |
| sebaceous gland | oil gland |
| apocrine sweat glands | - found in armpits, nipple, and pubic region - produce sticky, cloudy, odorous, secretion |
| merocrine sweat glands | - found all over body - produce watery secretion |
| bone resorption | process of breaking down bone tissue |
| lacuna(e) | small cavity or camber that house an osteocyte in mature bone tissue or a chrondroyte in cartilage. |
| lamella(e) | concentric bony plate that surrounds the central canal in an osteon |
| periosteum | outer connective tissue covering all the bones |
| medullary cavity | hollow channel in diaphysis of a long bone |
| articular cartilage | type of hyaline connective tissue that covers surface of bones in synovial joint |
| hinge joint | type of synovial joint in which rounded end of one bone articulates with a groove in another bone |
| condyloid | joint with two oval-shaped surfaces - one convex and one concave - that fit into one another |
| atomic number | number of protons |
| atomic mass | number of protons and neutrons |
| electron cloud | contains shells, hold max number of electrons |
| number of electrons per shell = | number of atoms in that row (on the periodic table) |
| molecule | particle formed by bonding of 2+ atoms |
| compound | substance consisting of atoms or ions of different elements |
| acids | compound that releases hydrogen ions - ph BELOW 7 |
| bases | substance that's capable of combining with a proton to form a new substance - ph ABOVE 7 |
| ANion | NEGATIVELY charged particle |
| CATion | POSITIVELY charged particle |
| C.H.O.N | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen |
| sodium | essential for nerve impulse and water balance |
| carbohydrate | compound mixture containing hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon atoms |
| dna | acid that carries human genetic code |
| DNA - A & T | Adenine & Thymine |
| DNA - U & G | Cytosine & Guanine |
| RNA - U x T | Uracil x Thymine x = replaces |
| pivot joint | type of joint in which round end articular surface of one bone fits into bony ring of another |
| saddle joint | type of joint in which bone surface are shaped like a saddle |
| dorsiflexion | move the foot upward (in direction of dorsal of foot) |
| plantar flexion | move foot downward (in direction of plantar surface of foot) |
| supination | turn forearm so palms are facing forward |
| pronation | turn forearm so palms are downwards |
| gout | collection of uric acid crystals around joint |
| osteoarthritis | most common in weight-bearing joints, caused by wear and tear due to injury |
| rheumatoid arthritis | particularly affects hands and feet, autoimmune condition |
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iaishap7
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