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MRT-110; Chapter 9
"the essentials of medical language"; digestive system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| gastroenterologist | medical specialists in the field of gastroenterology |
| proctologist | surgical specialists in the diseases of the anus and rectum |
| dentist | qualified practitioners in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex |
| periodontist | specialists in disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth |
| nutritionist | professionals who prevent and treat illness by promoting healthy eating habits |
| dietitian | manage food services systems and promote sound eating habits |
| R/CF gastr/o- | stomach |
| R/CF -enter/o- | intestine |
| R/ digest- | to break down food |
| S/ -ic | pertaining to |
| S/ -logy | study of |
| S/ -logist | one who studies, specialist |
| S/ -al | pertaining to |
| R/ intestin- | gut, intestine |
| R/CF lapar/o- | abdomen in general |
| R/ nutrit- | nourishment |
| S/ -scope | instrument for viewing |
| apthous | painful small oral ulcers (canker sores) |
| canker | nonmedical term for apthous ulcer |
| caries | bacterial destruction of teeth |
| gingivitis | inflammation of the gums |
| gingivectomy | surgical removal of disease gum tissue |
| glossodynia | painful burning tongue |
| halitosis | bad odor of the breath |
| periodontitis | inflammation of tissues around a tooth |
| plaque | path of abnormal tissue |
| pyorrhea | purulent discharge |
| stomatitis | inflammation of the mucous membrane in the mouth |
| tartar | calcified deposit at the gingival margin of the teeth |
| thrush | infection with Candida Albicans, newborn babies can get it from mother's vaginal yeast infection during birth |
| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing |
| emesis | vomit |
| hematemesis | vomiting of red blood, indicator of upper GI source of bleeding (esophagus, stomach, duodenum) |
| esophagitis | inflammation of the lining of the esophagus |
| hernia | protrusion of a structure through the tissue that normally contains it |
| herniorrhaphy | repair of a hernia |
| R/ gingiv- | gum |
| S/ -ive | nature of, pertaining to |
| cold sores/ fever blisters | recurrent blisters on lips or lining of the mouth due to HSV-1 (herpes simplex type 1) |
| oral cancer | metastasis that occurs to lymph nodes, bones, lungs and liver |
| esophageal varices | varicose veins of the esophagus; asymptomatic until they rupture. a complication of cirrhosis of the liver |
| cancer of the esophagus | arises from the tube's lining. cancer that metastasizes to the liver, bones, and lungs |
| varix | Latin; dilated vein |
| hiatal hernia | occurs when a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm alongside the esophagus at the esophageal hiatus |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | regurgitation of acidic stomach contents back into the esophagus |
| vomiting | muscles of the diaphragm and abdominal wall contract forcefully and expel stomach contents |
| gastritis | inflammation of the stomach lining, caused by common medications (aspirin and NSAID), therapy, and drugs |
| peptic ulcers | occur in the stomach and duodenum when the mucosal lining breaks down. caused by Helicobacter Pylori |
| dyspepsia | epigastric pain with bloating and nausea |
| gastric ulcers | peptic ulcers that occur in the stomach. can cause perforation (destroy stomach wall) |
| gastric cancer | can be asymptomatic for a long period then cause indigestion, anorexia, abdominal pain, weight loss. metastasizes to lymph nodes, liver, peritoneum, chest, and brain. affects men 2x more than women |
| R/ -peps- | digestion |
| gastroenteritis | inflammation of the stomach and small intestine |
| bleeding | in the small intestine, caused by duodenal ulcer |
| celiac disease | autoimmune disease which causes an immune reaction to eating gluten, a protein contained in wheat, rye, barley... etc. causes damage to the lining (villi) of the small intestine. |
| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea or constipation |
| intussusception | occurs when part of the small intestine slides into a neighboring portion of the small intestine. can be cured with an enema or surgical intervention. |
| ileus | disruption of the normal peristaltic ability of the small intestine. can be caused by bowel obstruction or intestinal paralysis. risks include GI surgery, diabetic ketoacidosis, peritonitis, and opiates (meds) |
| cancer of the small intestine | occurs infrequently compared with tumors in other parts in the GI tract. |
| adenocarcinoma | most common malignant tumor of the small bowel |
| jaundice (icterus) | symptom of many different diseases in the biliary tract and liver. yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera of the eyes caused by deposits of bilirubin |
| hepatitis A virus (HAV) | highly contagious and causes mild to severe infection. transmitted by contaminated food. VACCINE PREVENTABLE |
| hepatitis B virus (HBV) | also known as serum hepatitis. transmitted through contact with blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or saliva and sharing of contaminated needles. VACCINE PREVENTABLE |
| hepatitis C virus (HCV) | most common blood-borne infection in the U.S., occurring mostly through injections given with contaminated needles. can vary in severity, and can lea to cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer. combination antiviral drugs are used, NO VACCINE |
| hepatitis D | can occur with HBV, making infection worse |
| hepatitis E | similar to hepatitis A and occurs in underdeveloped countries |
| chronic hepatitis | occurs when the acute hepatitis is not healed after 6 months |
| cirrhosis of the liver | chronic irreversible disease, replacing normal liver cells with hard, fibrous scar tissue. caused be alcoholism |
| cancer of the liver (primary) | arises with chronic liver disease, often from HBV infection |
| provisional/preliminary diagnosis | temporary diagnosis pending further examination or testing. determination of the cause of a disease |
| gallstones (cholelithiasis) | can form in the gallbladder from excess cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigments. vary in size and number. risk factors include obesity, high-cholesterol diets, pregnancies, and rapid weight loss |
| choledocholithiasis | occurs when small stones become impacted in the common bile duct. cause biliary colic and jaundice |
| cholecystitis | acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder |
| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas |
| pancreatic cancer | presenting symptoms are very vague. prognosis is poor. treatment is surgical resection of cancer |
| cystic fibrosis | inherited disease that becomes apparent in infancy or childhood. the pancreas, liver, intestines, sweat glands, and lungs all produce abnormally thick mucous secretions. malabsorption of fat and protein lead to large, bulky, foul-smelling stools. |
| R/CF chol/e- | bile |
| malabsorption syndromes | group of diseases in which intestinal absorption of nutrients is impaired |
| malnutrition | can arise from malabsorption, but also a lack of food. can result from a loss of appetite in people with cancer or terminal illness |
| lactose intolerance | occurs when the small intestine is not producing enough of the enzyme lactase to break down the milk sugar lactose. result is diarrhea and cramps. |
| crohn disease (regional enteritis) | inflammation of the small intestine, frequently in the ileum and occasionally in the large intestine. symptoms are abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss. NO CURE. |
| constipation | occurs when fecal movement through the large intestine is slow and thus too much water is reabsorbed through the large intestine. feces becomes hardened. caused by lack of dietary fiber, exercise, and emotional upset. |
| dysentery | severe form of bacterial gastroenteritis with blood and mucus in frequent, watery stools |
| appendicitis | most common cause of acute abdominal pain in the lower right quadrant. if neglected, the inflamed appendix can rupture, leading to peritonitis. treated with surgical appendectomy, performed through laparoscopy |
| diverticulosis | presence of small pouches (diverticula) bulging outward through weak spots in the large intestine's lining. pouches are asymptomatic until they become infected and inflamed. |
| diverticulitis | inflammation of diverticula |
| diverticular disease | diverticulosis and diverticulitis, caused by a low-fiber diet |
| ulcerative colitis | extensive inflammation and ulceration of the large intestine's lining. produces bouts of bloody diarrhea, crampy pain, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalance |
| polyps | masses of tissue which vary in size and shape that arise from the large intestine's wall and protrude into the bowel lumen. most are benign, though an endoscopic biopsy can see if they are cancerous |
| colon and rectal cancers | majority occur in the rectum and sigmoid colon. can spread through the bowel wall, extend down the lumen, and metastasize to regional lymph nodes and to liver, lungs, bones, and brain through the bloodstream |
| obstruction of the large bowel | caused by cancers, large polyps, or diverticulitis |
| proctitis | inflammation of the rectum's lining, often associated with ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, or radiation therapy |
| hemorrhoids | dilated veins in the submucosa (connective tissue layer) of the anal canal. often associated with pregnancy, chronic constipation, diarrhea, or aging. protrude into the internal anal canal and bulge out of the edge of the anus (external). produces blood. |
| thrombosed hemorrhoid | in which blood has clotted; very painful |
| anal fissures | tears in the anal canal's lining, perhaps from difficult bowel movements (BMs) |
| anal fistulas | occur following abscesses in the anal glands and are an abnormal passage between the anal canal and skin outside the anus. fixed by fistulectomy and fistulotomy. |
| vomiting of "coffee grounds" | occurs when bleeding from an upper GI source has slowed or stopped |
| melena | passage of black, tarry stools. usually indicates upper GI bleeding |
| occult blood | cannot be seen in stool, but when a chemical fecal occult blood test (hemoccult) is positive. source of bleeding can be anywhere in the GI tract |
| nasogastric aspiration and lavage | used to detect upper GI bleeding. presence of bright red blood in 'lavage' material indicated active upper GI bleeding. coffee grounds indicate bleeding has slowed or stopped |
| enteroscopy |
Created by:
Aliyamaliya
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