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watkinsfinal
world history H study cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bands | - egalitarian -close relationship with environment -H&G -5-80 people -nomadic -reciprocal -leaders with talents for those tasks -no private property -oral traditions -kinship |
| Tribes | -farming -domestic animals -H&G -100s of people -“big man,” -reciprocal -a bit of redistribution -more settled in villages -seasonal nomads -clans: common ancestor -basic division of labor by age and sex |
| Chiefdom | - one leader -hereditary -some assistants-bureaucracy -symbols of office -multiple hereditary lineages -1,000s of people -permanent settlements -specialization of labor -redistributive |
| States | -10,000s of people -cities -capital -bureaucracy -leader -redistributive -complex tool technology -taxes -military -formal written laws -power delineation -slavery -social classes -literate elites -writing |
| how do civilizations develop into more complex organization?(i.e. how does a band become a tribe?) | >population+food production or surplus+settlement=more complex civilization |
| Reciprocal economy | giving something and expecting to receive something at the equal value (i.e. simple trade) |
| Redistributive economy | everyone giving something to one person, expecting for that person to give tribute back in the future (i.e. taxes) |
| Introduction to World History & Fall of Rome | |
| Kleptocracy | keeping too much mandatory payment, person and courts, find their ways to stay powerful, corrupt government, in a redistributive economy- not redistributing all money |
| Egalitarian | all equal, share, no private property, no full-time |
| History | time with written records.began with cuneiform & Mesopotamia |
| Prehistory | before written records/history, humans-4.5 million years ago humans evolvoved |
| Roman Empire’s height | The Pax Romana (27 BC- 180 AD) |
| Pax Romana | -27 BC to 180 AD- the first 200 years of government as an Empire characterized by greatness; -the second 200 years of empire is dominated by the decline or disintegration of Rome |
| Cause of the Decline of Rome(Persia+Gt) | |
| Cause of decline of Rome-Political | accumulative reasons: -military lost loyalty to gain money -two capitals: splits empire -military not defending border- boundaries weaken -tribes attack -civil wars |
| Cause of decline of Rome-Economical | -high taxes, people can’t pay, so money declined in value, debasing coin -trade disrupted by tribal attacks -no war bounties -less bullion -inflation -farmers leave land -rich become richer, poor become poorer |
| Cause of decline of Rome- Social | -movement from urban to rural -loss of patriotism -No education: disruption -Knowledge disappears (Constantinople) -plague -poverty -increase in crime, military not protecting -slaves: owners lazy |
| 476 | Romulus Agustulus defeated by Odoacer (German); The “End” of western Rome |
| Constantine | first christian roman emporer, created Constantinople for the capitol |
| Romulus Augustulus | Last Roman Ruler |
| Odoaccer | The German who defeated Romulus Augustulus to mark the end of Western Rome |
| Huns | -hit and run tactics -aggressive -reflex bow on horseback -crescent formations |
| Goths | -East German tribe -repeatedly attacked the Roman Empire -were attacked by some Huns and got forced out of their territory and forced to convert to christianity |
| Attila | a Hun trying to defeat all of Rome (mulan anybody?) |
| Alaric | -Goth king who sacked Rome in 410 |
| Early Middle Ages to the Height of Medieval Europe | |
| Tribal Invaders | -barbarians -diverse -nomads -had few possessions -they used the hunt and plunder method (pillage, kill) -animistic and pagan -skilled artisans -polytheistic -had oral traditions -very uncivilized -weakened Rome's borders |
| Vikings | -introduced new tools (iron) and ships -left Scandinavia for colonization elsewhere -needed more farm land due to pop. growth |
| Franks | -german tribe -near Rhine river -Carolingian empire -evolved into France& parts of Germany |
| Multiple Waves of Attacks on roman civ. | •Early Wave: 300-600s,Visogoths and Huns •Later Wave: 700-1000s,Muslims, Vikings (Leaf Ericson in N.America), Magyars, |
| Feudalism | Type of government where power is spread out through various lords who each control their own land |
| Lords | Feudal lords each control thier own land, employed knights to fight other lords |
| Vassals | servants to lords |
| Serfs | -poor laborer working on a manor for life (bottom of the social hierarchy) -no social mobility -attatched to land |
| Fief | a tract of land owned by a feudal lord, can be given as rewards to knights or as part of a dowry, comes with serfs |
| Manorial System & effects of medieval society (Persia+Gt)-P | -Manorial lord has power |
| Manorial System & effects of medieval society (Persia+Gt)-E | Manorial lord keeps all money, great oppression of Serfs, Workers have to pay taxes (CALLED??) to live on Manors |
| Chivalry | code of how gentlemen should behave |
| Knighthood-1. | 1.Page |
| Methods of justice | the way that someone was tried and/or punished for a crime |
| Methods of justice-Ordeal | accused has to do something painful/ dangerous. guilty or innocent based on healing/survival |
| Methods of justice-Battle | have to fight to prove their innocence |
| Methods of justice-Compurgation | take an oath and promise truth and then they had to get others to believe them as well |
| Role of Catholic Church in Medieval life | Church and State constantly fighting-Who has more power?, Church very influential in PERSIA+GT of Medieval life. -Church=answers for people - |
| Monasteries | -the place where clergy would live and they were used for religious services or prayer -where benadictine monks lived |
| Lay investiture | -King chooses Church officers —causes many problems in Church v. State conflict |
| Pope Gregory VII | -dispute with Henry IV -opposed lay investiture -excommunicated Henry |
| Henry IV | -Investiture Controversy with the Papacy and several civil wars -dispute with Gregory VII for lay investiture |
| Canossa | -where Henry IV stood 3 days in the snow to reverse his excommunication |
| Clovis | -Merovingian dynasty -paegan -king of Franks -becomes first Christian leader of the Franks -in a battle with the Alammani he was losing and then prayed to god and they won so he converted -one of the “do nothing” kings |
| Lindisfarne | 976-First Viking attack on a Monastery |
| Pepin III | -(the short) -gave land to the pope -becomes known as the “Donation of Pepin” or the “Papal States” -“king by the grace of god” |
| Charlemagne | -first to unite large lands -Carolingian - |
| Alcuin of York | the leading scholar at the carolingian court who was invited by Charlemagne |
| Einhardt | was Charlemagne’s secretary. |
| Alevin | was Charlemagne’s tutor, who could read and write. He only taught Charlemagne to read, not write. |
| Charlemagne-stuff he did:education | Nobles and peasant boys with potential were admitted into the Palace School. |
| Charlemagne-stuff he did:education | -founded libraries where people could go to read the Bible |
| Charlemagne-stuff he did-Carolingian Miniscule | -type of handwritinf -beginnings of sentances were capitolized |
| Charlemagne dies-AD 843 | -his son Louis the Pious became ruler of the Frankish Empire -Louis dies, lands divided in Treaty of Verdun for 3 sons |
| Charlemagne-stuff he did | -He was named “King by Grace of God” by the Pope -which was his “divine right” |
| Charlemagne-stuff he did | -Conquered many tribes and converted them to Christianity. -helped unite Europe |
| Charlemagne-stuff he did | -put Counts and Bishops in place |
| Charlemagne-stuff he did | -Missi Dominici-undercover workers that worked for charlemagne and told him about the people |
| Charlemagne-stuff he did | -Church and state were closely connected |
| Charlemagne-stuff he did | -No direct taxes; tribute from conquered tribes |
| Charlemagne-stuff he did | -Military service was a must for all(the rich rode in the Cavalry) |
| Charlemagne-stuff he did | -Weirgild: Price of a Person-you pay for the people you kill |
| Charles Martel | -frankish -defeats the Muslims@tours -mayor of the palace (assistant king) -turned Christian |
| Tours | 732-The battle between Charles Martel and the Muslims -kept muslims out of france/europe -turning point. |
| Agricultural Revolution | -lots of new farming technology -no more H & G -food surplus's-> pop. growth |
| Romanesque | -Serious power of God —dark -thick walls -shorter -few decorations -earlier -few and small windows -rounded arches -barrel vaults -columns |
| Gothic | —spires -flying buttresses -gargoyles -statuary -light + airy -groin + ribbed vaults -later -pointed arches -symbol of medieval period -large stained glass windows |
| Floorplan | outline of a building—most monasteries were shaped like a cross |
| Nave | central part of the church and the approach to the alter |
| Transept | the cross-like section of that intersects with the nave |
| Apse | area where alter is |
| Gargoyle | stone creature used to decorate roofs and walls, used as drain spouts |
| Flying Buttress | supports that hold up the walls and window, allow for higher ceilings and larger windows |
| Rose Window | large stained glass window |
| Castles | defense buildings, went out of practice after gunpowder |
| Bodo/Ermentrude | common poor surfs working on feudal manor (names are from ms. watkins's imagination) |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | -refused to comply with the normal standards and how everyone else acted -wife of Henry II -fought for what she believed was right -had large dowry/land…Aquitaine |
| William the Conqueror | -father named him heir but he had to fight the throne (hastings) -won the civil war -won the backing of the pope -won the battle of Hastings -killed Harold @hastings -conquered all the land and brought it under English rule -doomsday book -feudalis |
| St. Benedict | founder of the Bedidictine Monestaries -really strict -like a reformation of the monasteries -cloistered -rules |
| St. Francis | of Assisi -charity to poor people -went out amongst the people -saint of small animals |
| St. Dominic | educated people about religion |
| St. Patrick | missionary to Ireland, converted the Counts |
| St. Augustine | -missionary to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons -first archbishop of Canterbury |
| St. Bernard & Cistercians | -Benedictine monks -clioisted -the techies -drained swamps, new farming technology etc. |
| Bayeux Tapestry | the story of William of Normandy’s invasion and conquest of England, Battle of Hastings |
| Hastings | -Harold had promised to give William the throne in 1064 -then went back on his word and became king because although William had already been promised the throne -Harold’s claim to the throne was more “powerful” because it was promised from a deathbed |
| 1066 | Battle of Hastings! |
| 800 | Charlemagne appointed emperor |
| 732 | Battle of Tours |
| Song of Roland | -epic poem -example of chansons de geste -tells the story of the battle of tours |
| Illuminations | -decorations/drawings on bibles and books -done by monks |
| Weapons of the middle ages | -longbow, canons, gunpowder etc. |
| Canon law | the laws of the church |
| Troubadours | -traveling story tellers -sang chason de geste -SPREAD VERNACULAR LANGUAGES |
| Chansons de geste | -heroic epic poems -expressed chivalry sometimes -i.e. Song of Rolland |
| Hildegard | -Christian nun who wrote songs and poems -visionary, saint, women -from bingen -tried to get more power for women in the church |
| Byzantine Empire & Early Russia | |
| 527 | Justinian becomes Emperor |
| Justinian | -ruler of Byz at its greatest extent -persecuted different religions (protection for Christ) -established new Code—Corpus Juris Civilis |
| Corpus Juris Civilis | -innocent until proven guilty -natural law -civil law -common law -opinions -precedents -order -organization -coda faction |
| Constantinople | -center of the great Byz empire -center of trade & commerce |
| Mosaics | pictures/ designs formed by inlaid pieces of stone, class, or enamel -common in Byz. Emp. |
| Hagia Sophia | -Great Byzantine Church -prettiest -most amazing -humungoid -in Constantinople -turned into a mosque by the ottomans |
| Theodora | -wife -co-ruler -justinian had to change the laws in order to marry her (a lower class prostitute) -gave woman’s rights |
| Belasarius | -conquered land —made Byz large -stopped the riot of Nika Rebellion |
| Procopius | -historian -chronicler -asked to record glory only -but later recorded everything |
| Eastern Orthodoxy | -what Christianity became to be in the east after the great schism -believed |
| 1054 | The Great Schism (between the East and West) |
| Great Schism #1 | Split the Church between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox, Antioch |
| Patriarchs | (in the early Christian church) any of the bishops of any of the ancient sees of Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, Jerusalem, or Rome having authority over other bishops. |
| 1453 | -siege of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire -fall of Byz. Empire |
| Taiga | -forests (pine) in eastern europe -natural resource |
| Basilica | -roman public building -usually used for religious purposes |
| Greek Fire | -weapon Byz used to continue fire on water |
| Yarolslav the Wise | -continued what his father did -Russian Law (set of law used by all of Russia) -promoted education -appointed a Russian metropolitan -built up a Russian intelligentsia -built the great Russian Empire |
| Pravda Russkaia | -legal code of the Kievan Rus |
| Nika Rebellion | -contest in Hippodrome -riots started -Justinian began to run, but Theodora stopped him and makes him stop the riot -~30,000 ppl killed |
| Cyrillic Alphabet | - first written language for the Slavs, in order to read the bible by Cyril |
| Cyril & Methodius | -two brothers who created the Cyrillic Alphabet -in order to have a common written language between the Slavs. |
| Women’s Rights-Byz. | -more than common in that time (power to devorse, raise kids, own property) -still second class citizens -limited jobs (housewife or clergy member) |
| Kiev | modeled after Byzantine society, but in Russia |
| Why Byz. So great for so long? | -the great rulers -the tactics of war -the Crusades -the military -the unitedness of the church |
| Bosporous | the strait on which Constantinople is located. -between the sea of Marmara and the Mediterranean |
| The Sea of Marmara | -the small body of water between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean |
| Iconoclastic Controversy | -the argument between the supporters and the opponents of icons |
| Icons | -pictures to keep at home to pray to -religious -from medieval times |
| Ottomans | -people who came and took over the Byz empire |
| Boyars | -highest rank of the feudal system |
| Hops | -flower clusters -used for flavoring drinks and for medicinal purposes |
| Murex | -came from sealife -dye for the color purple |
| Bazaars | -permanent marketplace -Hippodrome |
| Meses | -main street where the bazaar is located in constantinople |
| Value of Trade | -trade was always important to the economics of an area but the Byzantines were especially dependant of trade because of how much it meant not only economically but politically as well. -think fairs and marketplaces etc. |
| Mazinkert 1071 | -defeat of the Byz army in a war with the Seljuk Turks |
| Vladimir | -Kiev -united the Slavs with religion! -picked Catholicism for multiple reasons |
| 1055 | -Seljuk Turks sack Baghdad |
| Veche | -popular assembly of local leaders of the Slavs |
| Silk Route & Central Asia & Islam | |
| Major Inventions and contributions of the Mongols | -established the greatest empire ever -left influences on pleaces they conquered -great military force -made no technological advances -postal system -religious tolerance -made a cannon -bridges -composite vs. longbow |
| Mongols | -13 century -nomadic -invaders -in Mongolia/ lots of modern russia and china |
| Pastoralism | -the practice of herding as a main economic income. |
| Steppe | -where Genghis Khan was born -flat region where there are no trees with some mountains -grasslands |
| Genghis Khan | -Born 1165 in Mongolia -Had bros and sisters -Was loner -Arranged marriage -Great mil. leader used psych warfare -Created soldier-horde -1206 becomes Great Khan -Conquered many -Abolished taxes and torture -Created international law |
| Kaolin | -clayish material used to make porcelain -brought to europe on trade routes from china |
| Golden Horde | -the Mongolian forces (elite cavalry forces) -many victories |
| 1200’s | -Genghis Khan rule and awesome power |
| Mongol Success: Why? | -they had suicide troops that went and drew the troops out -the perfected archery on horseback -variety of weapons and bows -large numbers -speed and organization |
| Chang’an(Xi’an) | capital of the Tang empire |
| Caliphates | -ottoman rulers |
| Islamic Academics | -Islamic people were extremely advanced in science and math and they spread their knowledge |
| Science from muslims | -astronomy |
| Math from muslims | -Roman numerals -algebra…thanks Muslims |
| Al-jabar | -city in modern day Qatar -stopping point on silk road |
| Khanates | -1227-1240 khanate expansion -like regions |
| Ogedai | -Takes over after G.K. dies in 1227 -G.K.’s son -Dies in 1241. |
| Batu | -Grandson of Genghis -Invades Hungary in 1241 -Attacked Kiev. |
| Rus Events | -Kiev destroyed in 1240 -Moscow founded in 1156 -Ivan III rebels defeats Mongols in Russia |
| Composite bow | -bow and arrow that they can shoot while riding horses with great accuaracy -played a key part in the Mongol success |
| Horses in relation to mongols | -young horses are broken and trained to follow each other -Battle horses are valued and they do not eaten and drunk them like they do all the other horses |
| Extent of Mongol Empire | -the yellow sea in the East to the Caspian Sea in the West -over 2 continents |
| Why did Mongols stop? | -they couldn’t keep control of all the land they had |
| 1258: Baghdad | -Sack of Baghdad by the Mongols |
| Silk Route importance and decline | -connected the East and the West (Ghengis Knan the first to do this) -Decline: The speed of the sea transportation, the possibility to carry more goods, relative cheapness of transportation |
| Spread of Islam: why? | -Islamic ideas spread through connections made from trade |
| Islamic Culture and society at its height | -intellectually advanced -unified by religion -important in trade |
| Kublai Khan | -Born 1215 -Grandson of Genghis -Built large palace -Skilled horseman and courage -Learned religious tolerance -Becomes Great Khan in 1260 -Controls S. China in 1259 -1251 continued mil. success -Tried to balance Mongol & Chinese cultures. Chinese |
| Marco Polo | -Born 1254 in Venice -Son of Venetian merchant -Left Venice in 1271 for China 17 years old -Arrives in china 1275 -Stayed in Asia for 24 years -Traveled to China, Iraq, Russia, Sumatra, India -Spent time in China traveling -Was diplomat for Kublai |
| Africa unit | it's big and hot and old |
| Almohads | -dynasty that conquered as far as Libya in Northern Africa -Muslim -slave trade |
| Almoravids | -dynasty where the Berber Moroccan lived in NW Africa |
| Ribat | -small fortification built along the frontiers during the Muslim conquest into North Africa |
| GGS Africa Chapter | African society, people, and culture was directly affected by its environment •North—white Europeans (light coloring, straight hair) v. Southern Coasts, Sahara—Blacks (dark coloring, curly hair) v. Rainforest—Pygmies (red-ish coloring, more hair, tight |
| Ghana | •Monarchy with officials •Wealth dependant on trade—gold and salt—started as trading towns •Islamic influence |
| Mali | •Monarchs with officials •Successor to Ghana Kingdom •Wealth based on trade—gold and salt •Timbuktu- important worldwide trading center |
| Songhai | •Monarchy with officials •Successor to Mali Kingdom •Wealth based on trade—gold and salt |
| Benin | •1600s —first king Oba —all successors claim to be his descendants |
| Eastern city-states | •Southern states develop before Northern ones •Small trading centers started by refugees and merchants •Dominate coastal trade—gold and ivory •Kilwa- beautiful, leading city state, Islamic influence and religious center (mosques) |
| Great Zimbabwe | •Kararga people •Gold mining for trade caused ecological issues caused decline •Influenced by Islam |
| Sahel | Transition area from coastline to desert. Difficult environment to live in with intense climate changes. Desertification—steady process of drying soil—changing the Sahel to more desert |
| Tuareg | (people from “A Desert Odyssey”) •Society of salt traders in the Desert •Go on Caravans-journeys through the desert for salt trade • “Blue people”—wear indigo died clothing |
| Sahara | -Northern Desert |
| Savanna | -Southern Desert |
| Gold-salt trade | salt and gold for European goods |
| East vs. West | •East—Islamic law, sultans, city states, coastal focus, absolutism •West—Kingdoms, inland, bureaucracy, king religious ruler, king and officials (limited power) •Both—Monarchy, Muslim society, |
| Bronzes | used for art and the white people came and melted it all down to get rid of their history |
| African Art Characteristics | •Used to tell a story •Sculptures, masks, carvings |
| Spread and role of Islam in Africa | -the important religion spread to Africa as soon it was established -it gave the people a common religion -the Muslim people brought it from Europe |
| Caravanserais | roadside inn where travelers could rest from the day’s travels |
| Ivory | -used for art and trade -wanted by europeans |
| Dilemma tale | -Story that could happen to anyone (don’t name characters) -teaches ethics -passed down orally |
| Mansa Musa | -conquered Ghana -Ruler of Mali, Hajj to Mecca—generous and gave their gold away |
| Ibn Battuta | -Muslim traveler who went on a journey through the Islamic world |
| Stateless societies | have no actual government, tribes, chiefdoms, villages etc. |
| Swahili | the Bantu language |
| Bushmen | lived in the rainforest |
| Mbuti | pygmy hunter-gatherers in Africa in the Congo |
| Relationship of Culture to Environment in africa | Great variety in climate and environments (rainforests, deserts, grassy planes, sahel) produce a variety of resources |
| Importance of trade in Africa | valuable natural resources (gold, ivory, salt, rubber) traded to Europe and Asia—economy dependant on trade |
| History Denied-africa | When white Europeans came in they justified taking away rights of the Africans by dehumanizing them and claiming they were their first by denying the history of the African people |
| Centuries/dates-africa | •1000s—Almoravid Dynasty •1100s—Almoravids take on Islam |
| Rite of Passage | Ceremony marking ones transition from 1 role in society to another (boy to man) |
| Rite of Intensification | referring to unity of a group purpose of an event in nature |
| 1337 | Hundred Years War began |
| 1325 | Ibn Battua starts his travels |
| Terra Cotta | clay baked ceramic… could be used for sculptures or buildings |
| 1307-1327 | King Edward II in power |
| Crusades, Towns & Trade (The Late Middle Ages) | |
| Great Movement of Reform | they wanted to get rid of coruption |
| Cluny | like a state, Benedictine, simplicity and value, “think tank”, supervised all the other churches and the Christian souls, became arrogant |
| Concordant of Worms | end of lay investure in the HRE. Curiacourt, canon law, tithes, diplomats, |
| Innocent III | symbolized the power of the church as a state, tremendous power over king, 2 HRE/ interdict on John |
| Crusades | the wars fought for the church, they wanted to give the Papal states back to the Churchh |
| crusades-When? | 1096- first crusade |
| crusades-Where? | Europe and middle east |
| crusades- Why? | the church wanted more power and land, so they chose to fight to gain land, also wanted to spread christianity, kill other religions |
| crusadesWho? | led by nobles and followed by everyone |
| Urban II | calls for the first Crusade, Seljuk Turks middle east, not allowed to go into Holy places, Alexius sends later |
| Seljuk Turks | Pagans, tribal invaders |
| Results of the Crusades | devastation, many people pissed off, pope got the papal states back, new ideas from the middle east (renaissance!) |
| 1204 | Siege and sack of Constantinople by Venicians, 4th crusade |
| 1095 | start of the first crusade! |
| 1096 | Beginning of the first Crusade |
| First Crusade | 1096 |
| Crusade of Kings | king Louis VII (France) and Emperor Conrad III (HRE) because the Turks recaptured Edessa and threatened Jesus. Fail. |
| Saladin | he led the Muslims into the Crusades, recaptured Palestine, good morals |
| Trade’s Revival | new routes connecting East and West, exposure to foreign goods creates a demand for them |
| Bourgeoisie/Burgars | new middle class |
| Fairs | larger, international merchants from far, huge variety of goods, entertainment, food, seasonal or yearly, ex. Champagne Fairs |
| Markets | smaller, local, set location, barter, weekly |
| Champagne Fairs | annually, European for Asian, lasted 6 weeks, big, had lots of stuffs |
| Hanseatic League | the “league” or group of people that set the rules for each craft, as in all the blacksmith would have set prices and rules to work by so that everything was fair around the board,, rules for trade in the area, standard measurements |
| Guilds | groups of craftsmen who have a standard quality and price for crafts |
| Apprentice System | before entering a guild one must be an apprentice to one of the masters in their craft then create their own masterpiece |
| Revival of towns | |
| Revival of towns-Where? | Northern Italy and eventually europe |
| Revival of towns-Why? | Power from trade, enough money and power to form strong communities |
| Bubonic Plague | The black death, if you catch it you die |
| Causes of plague? | diseased fleas on rats on trade ships. Virus mutated to affect humans |
| Path of plague? | brought in by rats in a merchant ship to Genoa, Italy |
| Results of plague? | painful swelling and high fever, 1/3 Europe died, disrupted the social economic religious institutions, so many people died that there wasn’t enough room in town to bury all of them, loss of labor, new laws, church ??, wages increase, |
| 1347-1351 | the Black Death! EVERYONE DIES! |
| Boccaccio | wrote the Decameron, Italian, vernacular |
| The Decameron | love tales by Boccaccio |
| Vernacular | everyday language, spoken by common people |
| How does Medieval Time End? | when nations raised and began to form more centralized governments |
| Alexius | he was called to help the Eastern orthodox side in the Crusades as soon as they were called, HREmperor (actually the pope) |
| Lay investiture | a ceremony where kings/nobles appointed church officials, the church didn't like it usually |
| Canon law | Church law |
| Bernard of Clairvaux | Christian, rallied people to kill the Muslims |
| 1453 | fall of Constantinople, end of 100 years war |
| Renaissance | |
| Renaissance-Who? | The people of the Middle Ages |
| Renaissance-What? | a revolution that changed the way people thought |
| Renaissance-When? | peaked 1300s-1600s |
| Renaissance-Where? | 1200s in Northern Italy, 1700s in rual places |
| Renaissance-Why? | people questioning the church, 100 years war, kings gain power, borgeousie, humanism, glorified the individual, brought back the classics, printing press |
| Renaissance-Humanism | individual important, you control your own destiny, if you question the small parts then you will find the answers to the big picture, life on earth more, dominated the renaissance |
| Significance of Humanism | changed the way people thought and how they lived their lives |
| Machiavelli | 1400’s to 1500’s, The Prince (described ways he felt about government, power>noble ideals, safety), humanist because he looked at the ancient Romans for models+politics interested him |
| Dante | mid 1200s, The Divine Comedy, father of Modern Italian |
| Erasmus | 1466-1536, learned humanism from books, interested in early Christian+Roman+Greek, Christianity with classical civilization, In Praise of Folly |
| Chaucer | 1400’s, English, the Canterbury Tales |
| Da Vinci | “notebooks,” “renaissance man,” Lady with Ermie, Mona Lisa, Virgin on the Rocks, The Last Supper |
| Michaelangelo | 1475-1564, many self portraits, started young, Davis, Pieta, Rondanini Piets, Tomb of Lorenzo deMedici, Sistene Chaple, |
| Raphael | Madonna, Pope Leo X, Madonna and the Goldfinch, Madonna della Sedia, The School of Athens |
| Harvey | 1600s, studied the human body, discovered that people do not have humors in their bodies, circulatory system and job of the heart |
| Rembrant | great self portrait paitings, studied anatomy, the style of clothing puts them in N Italy, lots of details on face |
| Brueghel | village wedding-SO many people, hard to distingush between 2 brothers, painted many huge peasant weddings and beggers and cripples, leapfrog game, hunters in the snow, landscapes etc. |
| Palladio | reviving the natural style, roman/gothic, neoclassic |
| Botticelli | La Primavera, Birth of Venus, Adoration of the Magi |
| De Medicis | Italy, very powerful and rich, made money through textiles/banking/mining/politics, one bought his wat to be pope |
| Fuggers | Wealthy Italian family, patrons of the arts, often depicted in art they supported, Fugger cake |
| Italian vs. Northern European Art | Differences? |
| Chiaro Scuro | shadowing |
| Sfumato | smokey, out of focus |
| Perspective | depth |
| Realism | to create what the eyes see one must scrutinize and examine bodies and disecting occured to become more knowledgeable about the human body |
| Patrons | people who supported the arts (A.K.A. the people who had money and paid people to paint pictures of them with jesus) |
| Florence | center of the arts for Italy! |
| Sistine Chapel | Michelangelo painted on the ceiling this for the Church with frescoes |
| David | Donatello: 1428-1432, Bronze, for the deMedici, Early Renaissance Work, Reinventing the classical nude, first time that a statue was 3-D so you could walk all around it Michaelangelo:14+ feet tall, very realistic (bones, mussels, veins, ideal body) |
| School of Athens | 1509, Catholic Church was a consistent patron of Raphael HUGE! (a painting) |
| Frescoes | painting on wet plaster, became popular in the Italian Renaissance |
| Avignon Papacy | Italy, Pope Urban new pope, 7 popes came together, didn’t like France |
| Great Schism #2 | lutherism split off and stuff |
| Gutenberg | 1450, invented the printing press, spread information quickly |
| Gentileschi | Italian, baroque, historical and religious paintings |
| Van Eyck | painter, Amolfini Marriage, symbolism |
| El Greco | View of Toledo, St John Evangelist and St Francis |
| Durer | German artist, famous for engraving, the praying hands were the symbol for the Lutheran Church |
| Reformation | |
| Martin Luther | • Always felt guilty and the need to repent his sins…joins a monastery (lightning bolt incident) • Notices corruption of the Church and feels even guiltier • Critiques chuch—95 theses in 1517 Outline of church corruption Posts on the door of the |
| John Calvin | • Critiqued the Church—Instituted of Christian Religion Ethic (work hardgo to heaven), Theocracy, Predestination, The elect, congregation of followers, misbehavers (wear colorful clothes, dance, sing, swore, gamble, severely punished) |
| Henry VIII | •Head of the Anglican Church •Marries many women (wanted a son) •Father of (bloody) Mary, Elizabeth I, and Edward -had a lot of personal issues |
| Huguenots | French Calvinists |
| Anglicans | Church of England, Protestants, started so Henry VIII could divorce his wife and for other reasons |
| Presbyterians | people who believe in Calvinism, mostly in Scotland |
| Puritans | branch of the church of england that emerges in England without corruption |
| Causes of the Reformation | Church Corruption—Luther and Lutheranism, Protestants, crusades, weak leaders, questioning of the Church and doctrines, immoral lives of Priests |
| Indulgences | you can pay for your sins to be “forgiven” |
| Simony | the crime of paying for sacraments or for positions in the church |
| Role of Religion in reforming nations | de-unification, religious civil wars, new alliances |
| Ignatius Loyola | leader of the Jesuits, liberal arts and theology |
| Pope Leo X | rebellions against him, very corrupt, patron of the arts |
| Pope Alexander VI | during the Renaissance, opposed Nepotism, involved with the French |
| Pope Paul III | Patron of the arts, new religious orders and societies, comes to power after reformation |
| Predestination | idea that it is previously decided whether or not one will go to heaven |
| Justification by Faith | idea that simply following the Bible and being faithful will get you to heaven |
| Johann Tetzel | Dominican Friar, sold indulgences, inspires Luther’s 95 Theses |
| Jesuits | “Society of Jews”, spread christianity |
| 1555 | Peace of Augsburg—gives Protestants (all branches) equal rights |
| Edict of Nantes | by Henry IV, Protestants rights in a Catholic nation, separates civil and religious rights |
| 1534 | Act of Supremacy—Parliament passes act to protect rights of women in the Church |
| 1521 | Diet of Worms—rulers gather and plan what to do about Luther after he is exiled, Fredrick the Wise protects him, Luther put on trial |
| Counterreformation | Catholic movement against Protestantism •Try to reintroduce Catholicism as non-corrupt • |
| Council of Trent | addressed 95 Theses, improved clergy |
| Index of Prohibited of Books | forbade Catholics to read certain books |
| Inquisition | Spain kicked out all the Muslims and Protestants and Jews and if they didn’t get kicked out, oops you’re dead… or they forced them to convert |
| Charles V | •Opposed Protestant Reformation •King of Spain, HRE, Netherlands •Wars with Pope Clement—kidnaps him, gains control of the Papal States |
| Fredrick the Wise | Elector of Saxony, defender of Luther |
| Nation States and Nationalism Develop | i'm hungry and there's a spider on my ceiling |
| Nations Develop in Europe | if they have all the characteristics of a nation, then they develop |
| nations-When? | 1300s-1600s |
| nations-Where? | Atlantic Coast, Western Europe |
| nations-Why? | centralized government, recognition, set boundaries, people |
| Characteristics of Nations | set boundaries, people, recognition from other nations, centralized government |
| nations-Relation of Popes and Kings | constantly fighting…who has power over whom? |
| Divine Right | idea that Kings have power given to them by God |
| 1492 | Spanish Inquisition • Ferdinand+ Isabella with Pope tried to create a common religion (Catholic) • Jews, Moors, Muslims are exiled, forced to convert, or killed |
| 1215 | Nobles forces King John to sign the Magna Carta, which was a document that dealt with the taxation problem for nobles, but it also affected the rights of England’s ordinary people.people- no collecting new taxes without consulting the Great Council. |
| 1588 | Spanish Armada attacks |
| English | smaller faster ships, “hell burners”-fire ships, 15000 men, 197 ships, lost thousands, more guns, short range canons, culverin (long, small, short distance), strategies:long range cannons-attack from a distance, avoid getting close, close combat galleons |
| Spanish | gallons (larger), gallys (used to run), 30000 men, 130 ships, lost ~100, less guns, short range cannons, powerful armed men, strategies: ram ships, get close-lower planks-hand to hand combat, crescent motion |
| Hundred Years War | People Involved: Edward III, Philip IV, Joan of Arc, Charles VII, Louis XI During the war, Estates-Generals were put in as makeshift kings, but after Charles VII, the position was abolished. |
| Hundred Years War-AD 1346 | Battle of Crecy. The English win with only 12,000 troops even though the French had 36,000. The English had higher ground and the new invention, the longbow. The French lost 10,000 people, but the English only lost several hundreds. |
| Hundred Years War-AD 1347-1351 | Bubonic Plague kills 25-32% of Europe’s population, leaving both nations weak. |
| Hundred Years War-AD 1415 | Battle of Agincourt - Another victory for the English. |
| Hundred Years War-AD 1429 | Battle of Orleans, Joan of Arc enters, great French victory. French find gunpowder and use cannons for the first time. |
| Hundred Years War-AD 1429-1431 | Many French victories |
| Hundred Years War-AD 1431 | Joan of Arc is burned at stake when she is turned over to the English via the Burgundians. |
| Hundred Years War-AD 1453 | The Hundred Years war finally comes to an end, and a treaty is established. |
| Hundred Years War-Causes? | Edward III (England) claimed Gascony and Aquitaine, competed for the control of Flanders, tried to seize the French throne, longbow and canon |
| Hundred Years War-Results? | End of Feudalism culmination of decline of faith, chivalry, knights, castles…, nationalism increases for France and England, England’s loss of land in France gives them a smaller focus for their nation, hold onto Calais, Parliament’s power increase bc k |
| Hundred Years War-Longbow | helped English win battles (Crecy, Poitiers, Agincourt) |
| Hundred Years War-Canon | the large object that you shoot deadly stuff through in battle |
| War of the Roses (dates) | 1455-1485 • Struggle for throne between York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose), delayed England’s development of strong centralized gov. • Monarchy was good because many English nobles were killed • Henry Tudor seized England—Henry VII provided st |
| Tudors | English royal family |
| Elizabeth I | lived 1533-1603 (became Queen in 1558) • Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn • “Good Queen Bess” • Never married for her love of England—“Virgin Queen”—though she had many love affairs • Never supposed to become Queen—3rd in line for the throne, i |
| Ferdinand & Isabella | marriage created a great alliance • Unified Castile Leon and Aragon—unifying Spain and improving economy • Consolidate power, centralized gov, get rid of Catholics, gain land (power) |
| Charles V (I) | Ruled HRE, England, Spain, very powerful, retired and split land among his family |
| Hapsburgs | fought in 30 years war, phase of Hapsburg victories/defeats, lost in the end, Protestants? |
| Louis XIV | “The Sun King” •King has divine right •Palace of Versailles—nobles serve and live with him •Ended tax farming, strengthened military, common religion •Weakened economy |
| Versailles | the huge palace of Louis that had a bajillion rooms and hundreds of peole working and living there, very ornate, cost a crapload of money to keep it up |
| Louis XI | “The Universal Spider” • Used diplomacy to manipulate other nations, win wars, ect. • Lessened noble’s power, unified lands • First National Monarch |
| Richelieu | the advisor to Louis XIV, Wanted absolute power for monarchy, ruthless |
| Phillip II | “Defender of the Faith” •Reinforcement of Catholicism—kicks out other religions—centralization due to common religion—hurts Spain economically • Increased patriatism |
| Treaty of Westphalia | Ended 30 years war and the idea of a great Catholic Nation (Christendom), introduced a new method of peace negotiation giving the loser a say |
| 1648 | Treaty of Westphalia |
| “ L’etst c’est moi !” | I am the state—Louis XIV |
| Magna carta | protects the nobles from paying unjust taxes |
| English Law | mainly cannon law, king appointed judges, eventually they had juries |
| Circuit Courts | Kings law, juries, had routes so people always knew when they were coming |
| Precedent | decisions, common law |
| Parliament | Part of English gov. Representation of the people, limits the monarch’s power |
| Thirty Years War | Catholics (Hapsburgs) v. Protestants (Calvinists, Lutherans, Puritans, ect.) • Phase of Hapsburg Triumphs—first 12 years—Hapsburgs crush, plunder, rob, murder enemy •Phase of Hapsburg Defeats—next 18 years—Sweden builds 13000 man army, protestants dri |
| Catherine the Great | Russian ruler • Warred for land •Encouraged art, sci, lit. but made the difference between ruler and subjects greater |
| Frederick the Great | rules Prussia (Hohenzollern) •7 years war agains Ferdinand and Isabella •Freedom of religion, legal court system |
| 1740- Maria Theresa | •Pragmatic Sanction—agreement made by her father and outside rulers, no one will attack her when she comes to power (he power is pre |
| Hohenzollerns | Controlled Prussia |
| Joan d’ Arc | •“Voices from God” told her to help France during the 100 yrs war •Rallied troops and fought with them—Turning point! French start winning •Claims Charles VII is the rightful heir •Help French win 100 yrs war •England burned her at the stake |
| Role of Absolutisim in developing strong nations | Absolute monarchs -centralized government! -strong nation! |
| Fire Ships | used by the English, small war ships w/out men on them that are lit on fire and sent towards the enemy fleat |
| Exploration and Discoveries & Americas | |
| Motives for exploration-political | growth of nations and monarchs—newly centralized government—subsidies (gives money to explorers to find trade routes for bullion)—more land for growing population—get rid of dissidents—nationalism—internal rivalries |
| Motives for exploration-Economics | mercantilism—bullion—trade, stealing, exploration, mining—colonization—favorable balance of trade—tariffs—joint-stock companies—self-sufficient—commercial revolution 1500-1750—banks—standardize money values—capitalism—dividends—English and Dutch East Ind |
| Motives for exploration-Religion | protestant reformation—Puritans, Huguenots, Catholics—Counterreformation—Jesuits and missionaries |
| Motives for exploration-Social | Rise of bourgeoisie (significant part of mercantilism)—demand for new products—population increases (need for outlet) |
| Motives for exploration-Intellectual | Humanism—Renaissance—Questioning—people want to control their own destiny—search—want to escape plague, oppressions, ect.—fame is wanted |
| Motives for exploration-Arts | cartography—Renaissance |
| Motives for exploration-Geography | Western Europe out to explore first—overcrowding—new natural resources desired |
| Motives for exploration-Technology | Prince Henry the Navigator (catalyst)—sagres—cartography—portalani—compass—astrolabe—telescope—hourglass, clock, knots—cannon—caravel and nao |
| China’s Early Travels | under Khan, Advanced civilization very early on, Superior cooking and navigation, Invented the compass |
| Zheng He | Huge ships and crew—62500 ships. 62000 men, Display culture and superiority, Set out with bullion to show Chinese wealth and power and to make sure other nations paid respect to emperor |
| Compass | Geomancing— aligning homes and graves based on feng shui, Needle and lotus stone rubbed together-magnetic, Magnetic spoon, compass |
| Caravel | technology that motivated exploration, Spanish and Portuguese sailing vessels, type of ship |
| Astrolabe | technology that motivated exploration, finding the altitude of the sun |
| Prince Henry | “The Navigator” of Portugal Trying to find African gold river from Abrahams atlas Catalyst for exploration o Advisors wrote tales of him—“connecting East and West” “little less than divine” o Started slave trade o Ships: Dhow, Galley, Cog, Carav |
| Columbus | late 1400’s, Spain, founded N America/Caribbean |
| Magellan | 1519, Spain, sailed around the world, didn’t make it, A World Lit Only by Fire, |
| Drake | late 1500’s, England, second person to go around the world, first to actually make it |
| daGama | late 1400’s, Portugal, found ocean route to India |
| Diaz | late 1400’s, Portugal , ocean route to tip of South Africa |
| Hudson | early 1600’s, England and Dutch, Hudson Bay, Hudson River, top of Canada |
| Cathay | place Christopher Columbus found in Japan |
| Cartography | map making, extremely important to exploration because it always had valuable routes that everyone wanted to know |
| Mercator | when they made the map so that the spice islands were under Spanish control and in favor of mercantalism |
| Toscanelli | Halley’s comet, assisted in the map thing- changing the map so that it was the way the Spanish wanted |
| Cresques | cartographer showing Majorca |
| Waldseemuller | cartographer, suggested the newly found land mass should be called America, after Amerigo Vespucci |
| Terra Incognita | “unknown land”, name a piece of land that was not named |
| Feng shui | Feng Shui- Geomancing— aligning homes and graves based on alignment of the graves of the dead |
| Mercantilism | Mercantilism is an economic idea based on the belief that there is a fixed amount of bullion (gold and silver) in the world and the nation with the most bullion is considered the wealthiest and the most powerful. government controlled economy |
| Favorable balance of trade | exporting as much as possible, importing nothing |
| Tariffs | strategy to get bullion |
| Protective Tariff | Tax on imports you could buy locally Discourages foreign shopping Still guild system—same quality and cost but government makes goods from other nations more expensive through taxes |
| Revenue Tariff | Smaller tax Put on an item everyone needs to make and income going into the government Ex. Tea (causes Boston Tea Party) |
| Bullion | gold and silver |
| Self-sufficiency | Try to make everything yourself (no need for imports), Need colonies to get all the resources needed (lands all around the world) |
| Colonies role | provided new natural resources and met the demands of the bourgeoisie, also a place to dump dead people and criminals |
| Columbian Exchange | exchange of animals, plants, culture between the west and the east |
| Where did European Nations dominate? | The Americas and the coasts of Africa and the West indies |
| Why did European Nations dominate in The Americas and the coasts of Africa and the West indies ? | because all the explorers were trying to find new trade routes to the spice islands and these continents got in their way |
| Cloves | most important spice people when out to gain—stores meat, taste, |
| Tobacco | all the new rage/trend that everyone wanted and was very important in trading |
| Fish and Furs | French had a beaver fur industry, and had a lot of fish, Canada |
| Inca | South america natives, used as laborers easily b/c already had slavery in their society, fairly advanced, had gold and silver riches stolen by Europeans |
| Aztecs | ruled by Montezuma when Hernando Cortez came and they thought that Hernando Cortez was a god because one of their gods was suppose to be coming so they give him tons of cool gifts and gold but then they tried to take over and Montezuma got killed. |
| Mita | Inca labor tax |
| Chasquis | runners that delivered messages in the Inca Empire |
| Terraces | a raised platform to slow down flooding in agriculture |
| Beringia | land bridge that joins Alaska and Siberia |
| Tenochtitlan | capital of the Aztecs, found by Spanish explorers |
| Chinampas | a method of ancient agriculture where they used small, rectangle shaped fertile land to grow crops on shallow lake beds |
| Cortez | early 1500’s, Spain, Tenochtitlan, Aztecs |
| Pizzaro | killed Incas, Spanish explorer |
| Treatment of Natives | •French- business, traded •Spanish- En Comienda- they made them do slave labor, wiped out natives with small pox and other diseases •English- couldn’t enslave them, love and hate, time of war time of love (thanksgiving) •Holland- used slavery, |
| Small Pox | Spain, in relationship to the native population, caught on a disease called small pox |
| Potatoes | Spain, after exploring, planted a new crop: potato |
| Maize | corn from the Mexicans |
| Tobacco Triangular Trade | molasses, rum, slaves |
| Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment | |
| Copernicus | extremely early, geocentric idea |
| Galileo | observed stars and planets with telescope, heliocentric, Starry Night |
| Heliocentrism | the sun is the center of the universe and everything in the universe is revolving around the sun |
| Geocentrism | the earth is the center of the universe and everything in the universe is revolving around earth |
| Scientific method | new way of finding answers—hypothesis, experiment, collect data, analyze, draw conclusion |
| New technology | telescopes (heavens), microscopes (inside body), pendulum (longitude), thermometer (temperature), barometer (weather patterns) |
| Telescope | looks outwardly into Space |
| Microscope | looks inwardly at the human body and other small stuff |
| Natural laws | Newton’s three natural laws Tradition- there has always been a God, and things are how they are because of him Authority- God is the one in control, he made the universe Faith-you have to trust in God, because he is the one that created everything |
| Newton | above, three natural laws (physics, motion, reaction), rules for the behavior of the universe |
| Diets | the general assembly of the estates of the former Holy Roman Empire. |
| Hobbes | Leviathan, people once lived in anarchy, so they chose a leader to lead them and made an unwritten social contract, absolute power, more freedom |
| Locke | Two Treatises on Civil Government, anarchy social contract, only have to give up some rights, tabula rasa, natural rights, life liberty, pursuit of happiness, people can revolt |
| Rousseau | The Social Contract, popular sovereignty, general will, focus on group rights |
| Montesquieu | The Spirit of the Laws, perfect government is English, checks and balances, three branches of equal power |
| Voltaire | Letters on England, commented on England’s government, freedom of speech + religion, respects other’s ideas |
| Adam Smith | laissaz faire (to leave alone), natural laws to the economy, gov should not be involved in the economy, capitalism Industrial Rev. 1700s, individualism |
| Marie Therese Geoffrin | hosted meetings of important thinkers in paris (salon) |
| Salons | in France, social gatherings of the elite (political, social, culture) in their homes with entertainment, discuss the issues of their day. i.e. Marie Therese Geoffrin |
| Laissez-faire | to leave alone, by Adam Smith. Government should not be involved in the economy |
| Tabula Rasa | a blank slate, Locke said this, people are born clean until they are influenced by the world around them. |
| Popular Sovereignty | people choose their government type and ruler under their own will |
| Baroque | drama reflecting the time period, “the best”, orchestra |
| Rococo | evolution of Baroque, movement in the arts |
| Classical | powerful dissatisfaction and criticism of the existing order, realism, architecture and sculpture |
| Diderot | The Encyclopedia, supported by Marie Therese Geoffrins, science, technology, arts |
| Novels | became very popular, a new form of writing |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | Vindication on the Rights of Women, men equal to women, need same education, feminist, |
| Bach | worked with the church to go against enlightenment, included biblical themes in his music |
| Beethoven | German, Classical/Romantic, lost hearing, most famous composer |
| Enlightened Despot | a system of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment |
| Glorious Revolution | |
| Causes of Problems in England | James I and Charles I were not letting parliament help control their government, so government rebelled. |
| Stuarts | after the Tutor dynasty and Elizabeth I, rulers of Scotland |
| James I | James VI Scot, Presby., Stuart, hated b/c foreigner, divine rite, no respect for parl, grants monopolies, sells titles, ally with Sp, Catholic, 1607: Virginia Company Jamestown, “A deo rex, a rego lex”- from god to the king, from the king to the people |
| Charles I | married Henrietta Maria (France + Catholic, absolute monarchy), many problems, force ppl to lan him money, no parliament for tax, divine right, arrogant, condescending, snobby, 1628: Petition of Rights-signs, no taxing without Parliament’s approval |
| Cromwell | leader of the Roundheads, takes the throne after Charles I surrenders, Commonwealth, “Lord’s Protector”, Puritan rules |
| Charles II | “Merry Monarchy”, brought back everything, more willing to work w/ Parliament, make people happy |
| James II | divine right, Tories/Whigs, Mary (+William of Orange) and Anne, son..Catholic…uhoh.. |
| William & Mary | Limited power, equal rulers, give Parliament powers (including choosing the next rulers) |
| Petition of Rights | 1628: Charles I signs it saying that he will not tax anything without the approval of the Parliament |
| Habeas Corpus | anyone who is arrested could obtain a writ or order demanding to be brought before a judge within a specified period of time |
| Bill of Rights | declared that Parliament would choose the ruler, who would be merely an official, subject to parliamentary laws, cannot suspend laws, impose any taxes, or maintain an army without Parliament’s consent |
| Civil Wars | when regions within a whole nation or area are fighting each other. Ex. North vs. South |
| Fractions of English Civil War | king: royalists: Anglicans, Roman Catholics, nobles, anyone else who disagreed with Puritans. Parliament: Puritans. |
| Issues- english civil war | land, social classes, House of Commons Incident |
| Nottingham- english civil war | disaster for roundheads so Cromwell organizes and trains the army into a “new Model Army” |
| Naseby-english civil war | Puritan Victory-Charles captured, trial for treason, executed |
| Outcome of the war | moved many political and religious groups of the gov, Presbyterians vs. Independents, house of Commons all Independents, |
| King’s trial & execution | tried for treason, 1649 beheaded in front of the palace at Whitehall |
| Limited Monarchy | there was a queen/king, but it is limited with its power because there is a constitution |
| Constitutional Monarchy | the constitution takes care of the government |
| Absolute Monarchy | the queen/king is in control of their whole territory |
| 1688 | Glorious Revolution |
| 1649 | Peace of Westphalia |
| Restoration | |
| Why, who?-restoration | James II, Tories & Whigs, William III & Mary II |
| Habeas Corpus | anyone who is arrested could obtain a writ or order demanding to be brought before a judge within a specified period of time |
| James II in power…problems | who gets the throne? Both daughters were protestant |
| Archbishop Laud | wrote Common Prayers for Charles I, started civil war between England and Scotland because Charles wanted everyone to be one religion, Puritan. |
| French Revolution, Napoleon, Congress of Vienna | |
| Old Regime | Old France • Three Estates Clergy—1 vote, Nobles—1 vote, Everyone else (Bourgeoisie, peasants, laborers, ect.)—1 vote • Absolute Monarchy • Intense inequality—no natural and civil rights for lower classes |
| Causes of Revolution (Persia+Gt)-P | Absolute monarch |
| Causes of Revolution (Persia+Gt)-E | gov. very far in debt, mercantilism, very high taxes for only 3rd Estate |
| Causes of Revolution (Persia+Gt)-R | Catholic Church has a huge role |
| Causes of Revolution (Persia+Gt)-S | 3 classes (nobles, clergy, peasants), inequality—in Estate General, taxation, ect. |
| Causes of Revolution (Persia+Gt)-I | enlightenment ideas—equality, don’t trust authority, don’t believe in old ways/ideas |
| Causes of Revolution (Persia+Gt)-G | Bad weather—poor food and grain output for 3-7 years |
| Causes of Revolution (Persia+Gt)-T | new inventions encourage enlightenment thinking |
| July 14, 1789 | Tennis Court Oath • Louis fears the Estate General is gaining power and tries to silence them • The deputies refuse to be silenced • Meet in a tennis court • They will not stop until Louis accepts a new constitution and a constitutional monarchy • |
| Bastille | Great French prison and torture house •People attack it –shows they take the side of the revolution •Gruesomely kill the governor of the Bastille—mount his severed head on a spear • First time they defied the king and won • Destroy the building by |
| Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette | •Louis is unprepared when he becomes king •France is already in crisis •Louis has a grudge against England—sends troops and money to help the American Revolution • Marie buys latest fashion clothes and jewelry, gambles, theater, other excess expen |
| Vigee-LeBrun | French artist •Worked on portraits on Versailles Palace (100s of portraits of Marie Antoinette and children) • Made subjects look exceptionally beautiful • Painted the last portrait of Marie Antoinette and her children (dolphat [heir] next to a cradl |
| Robespierre | •Part of the Estate General/National assembly •Doesn’t support the death penalty—it’s a bad medieval idea—but after the guillotine begins practice he changes his mind • Rises at height of National Assembly power • Against war w/ Austria—revolution |
| Reign of Terror | •Bloodiest part of the revolution •Used fear (terror) to hold power •Ruthlessly quick trials and executions on the guillotine •The Great Terror |
| bloody height of the Terror | think blood and guillotine and rolling heads |
| Declaration of Rights of Man | •No more social hierarchy—equal rights to all •No King power—Constitutional Monarchy •Freedom of press |
| Olympe de Gouges | •Wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women—men and women equal in jobs, rights, ect. |
| Marat | •“Writer of the Revolution” •Wrote an angry newspaper—paranoid, violent, hated monarchy • Murdered by Charlotte Corday—she blamed him for prompting violence |
| JL David | neoclassic painter, |
| Sans-Coulottes | we are different from the upperclass, we don’t wear high socks! The middle class… |
| Constitution of 1791 | •Limited Monarch—king has veto rights and choice in cabinet •Lesse Faire—King out of economy (no mercantilism) • Equality between social classes • 83 states • 83 Church divisions, people elect Church officers (this is why Louis didn’t sign) |
| November 6, 1799 | Napoleon declares himself dictator of France |
| Coup d’etat | end of state |
| the Napoleonic code | organizes and condenses : gets rid of unwanted laws, expired documents, ect. |
| Leipzig | great defeat by Germans on Napoleon |
| Austerlitz | where the Third Coalition collapsed |
| Trafalgar | battle, Fr + Spanish lead by Napoleon (lose) v. British (win) |
| Waterloo | Napoleon was defeated by the English |
| Napoleon | great French General, takes over land for Fr while rev. destroys inside, wants to extend borders to create a Fr empire |
| Directory | New National Assembly after elections (2 yrs later) similar form of gov. |
| Wellington | leader of the defeat at Waterloo |
| Nelson | British, combined French and Spanish fleet against Napoleon |
| Metternich | Prince, from Austria, host of the Congress of Vienna |
| Reactionary | people who do not like change and like to make it before changes occurred |
| Louis XVIII balance of power | went to fine Napoleon to bring him back because he was getting too much power |
| Congress 1815 | Congress of Vienna! Where the people came to discuss what happens to the land after the defeat of Napoleon |
| Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture | commemorates Russia’s defense of Moscow against Napoleon, used canons as the main weapon |
| Dead People | US! dying is bad for your health people, try to survive the final! |
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