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GLOBAL 2 EXAM VOCAB
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| African National Congress ANC | A political organization created in 1912 to oppose white domination in South Africa. The group protested through marches, boycotts, and strikes. |
| AIDS and HIV | Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
| Akbar the Great | Ruler of the Mughal Empire known for expanding the empire, strengthening the central government, and religious tolerance |
| Allied Powers | World War I alliance of Britain, France and Russia; later joined by the United States and others. |
| Alliances | A formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defense. |
| Anti Semitism | hostility or prejudice against Jewish people. |
| Anthropologist | an expert in the study of human societies and cultures and their development. |
| Apartheid | Policy of strict racial separation in South Africa abolished in 1989. |
| Appeasement | Policy of giving in to an aggressor’s demands in order to keep peace |
| Arab Israeli Wars | the phenomenon involving political tension, military conflicts, and other disputes between various Arab countries and Israel. Occurring in the 20th century. |
| Arab Spring | wave of prodemocracy protests and uprisings that took place in the Middle East and North Africa. |
| Arms Race | A competition between superpowers to develop new, more deadly nuclear and conventional weapons |
| Asante Empire | West African state that occupied what is now southern Ghana in the 18th and 19th centuries |
| Ataturk, Kemal | westernized and modernized Turkey in the early 1900s |
| Atomic Bomb | a bomb whose violent explosive power used in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. |
| Atrocity | An extremely wicked, brutal, or cruel act against a group of people |
| Armenian Massacre | Genocide that occurred 1915 to 1916 refers to the physical destruction of Armenian Christian people in the Ottoman Empire. |
| Aswan Dam | Dam built across the Egyptian Nile River under Gamal Abdel Nasser's leadership. |
| Autocrat | A ruler who has complete power. |
| Bastille | Fortress in Paris, France that was stormed by angry citizens of France leading to the French Revolution. |
| Berlin Conference | European leaders met to set up rules for colonizing Africa. |
| Berlin Airlift | The massive relief effort of food and fuel to democratic West Berlin following the cut off by the Soviets. |
| Berlin Blockade | When the USSR limited the US, French and British from being able to move in and out of West Berlin. |
| Berlin Wall | A massive concrete barrier, dividing democratic West Berlin from communist East Berlin. Acted as a symbol of the Cold War and Soviet Union USSR restrictions. |
| Bismarck, Otto Von | Nationalist Prime Minister of Germany who utilized a plan of "Blood and Iron" to unify the country |
| Black Man’s Burden | E.D. Morel’s poem and response to the “White Man’s Burden” poem. Morel’s poem outlines the atrocity and damage caused by European Imperialism in Africa. |
| Blitzkrieg | Lightning war |
| Bolivar, Simon | “The Liberator" led successful independence movement against the Spanish in Latin America |
| Bonaparte, Napoleon | French General and Emperor of France following the French Revolution. Created the Napoleonic Code of law. |
| Camp David Accords | agreements between Israel and Egypt for peace. |
| Capitalism | Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit. |
| Catherine the Great | Russian Czarina who was an Enlightened Despot, encouraged westernization, and expansion of warm water ports. |
| Chernobyl | City in northern Ukraine who experienced a nuclear plant accident. |
| Churchill, Winston | Prime Minister of Britain during World War II rallied the British people to resist Hitler and the Nazis |
| Climate Change | long term shifts in temperature and weather patterns. |
| Civil Disobedience | Refusal to obey unjust laws |
| Censorship | the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security. |
| Cold War | The state of tension and hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union after 1945 without large scale armed conflict between the major powers. |
| Collective Bargaining | the process in which working people, through their unions, negotiate contracts with their employers to determine their terms of employment. |
| Collectivization | Large farm owned and operated by peasants as a group |
| Colonization | the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area. |
| Command Economy | System in which government officials make all basic economics decisions. |
| Communism | Form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; according to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which the community as a whole would own all wealth and property. |
| Containment | The Cold War policy of limiting the spread of communism. |
| Coup d'état | a sudden, violent, and unlawful seizure of power from a government. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | An attempt by the Soviet Union USSR in 1962 to place nuclear missiles in Cuba directed toward the United States. |
| Cuban Revolution | an armed uprising led by Fidel Castro that toppled the military dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista by 1959. |
| Cultural Revolution | A program launched by Mao Zedong to renew loyalty to communism and purge China of those disloyal to Mao. |
| Daimyo | one of the great lords who were lords of the shogun. |
| Darfur | Since 2003, region in Sudan where most of the violence took place. More than 200,000 people were killed and millions became refugees. |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | French document which was a first step towards writing a constitution. |
| Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen | Olympe de Gouges in response to the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. |
| De Gouges, Olympe | French political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached a large audience. Famous for the Declaration of the Rights of Women. |
| deKlerk, F.W. | Was elected president of South Africa in 1989. He called for an end to apartheid and freed Nelson Mandela in 1990. |
| Decolonize | to withdraw from a colony leaving it independent. |
| Democratization | the introduction of a democratic system or democratic principles. |
| Desertification | The process by which fertile or semi desert land becomes desert. |
| Détente | Easing of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1970s. |
| Directory | five member government that ruled following the French Revolution. This government proved to be weak and ineffective. |
| Doctors Without Borders | Organization that provides humanitarian medical care to countries in crisis. |
| East India Co. | The East India Company was an English, and later British, joint stock company that conducted much of the trade in South and Southeast Asia. |
| Economist | person who is an expert in the branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth. |
| Engels, Fredrich | political philosopher who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx. |
| Enlightenment | The period in the 1700’s in which people rejected traditional ideas and supported a belief in human reason |
| Enlightened Despot | Absolute monarchs who were influenced by Enlightenment Ideas Example Catherine the Great. |
| Edo | Also known as the Tokugawa Period in Japanese history. The last feudal government to rule Japan, the Tokugawa shoguns brought peace and stability for nearly 300 years |
| Estates | Social Class system in France. 1st Estate Clergy, 2nd Estate Nobility, Third Estate Bourgeoisie. |
| Ethnic Cleansing | the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society. |
| European Union | Expansion of the European community focused on economic and political cooperation amongst European members. |
| Fascist | Strict authoritarian government which glorifies action, violence, discipline, and blind loyalty to the state; economy is run much like a corporation opposes communism |
| Favorable Balance of Trade | When a nation exports more than it imports in order to make a profit. |
| Ferdinand, Archduke Franz | Heir to the Austrian throne, whose assassination in 1914 was the spark that started World War I. |
| Fossil Fuel | a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms. |
| French Revolution | Period in time where French citizens set to abolish absolute monarchs and gain fair and equal political control. |
| Gandhi, Mahatma | Indian protest leader in the early to mid 1900’s who used passive resistance and nonviolence overthrow British rule |
| Genocide | Deliberate attempt to destroy an entire ethnic or religious group |
| Glasnost | policy of openness instituted by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s. |
| Globalization | to extend to all parts of the globe. |
| Glorious Revolution | the peaceful way in which Parliament asserted its rights over the monarchy in 1688. |
| Gorbachev, Mikhail | was the last Communist leader of the Soviet Union. He is known for his work to end Cold War tensions, and changing the Soviet government and economy. |
| Grameen Bank | small bank who makes loans to impoverished countries. |
| Great Depression | The crash of the New York Stock Exchange created financial turmoil throughout the world as banks stopped making loans and demanded repayment of foreign loans |
| Great Leap Forward | A program launched by Mao Zedong to increase farm and industrial output. |
| Greenhouse Gasses | They cause climate change by trapping heat, and they also contribute to respiratory disease from smog and air pollution. |
| Green Revolution | The development of new varieties of plants and improved agricultural techniques that result in greatly increasing food production for the world’s growing population. |
| Hargreaves, James | Inventor of Spinning Jenny |
| Haitian Revolution | successful insurrection of self liberated enslaved people against French colonial rule. Haitian independence |
| Hindu | Religion with the belief in dharma, karma, reincarnation, moksha etc. |
| Hiroshima and Nagasaki | cities in Japan that were hit by the atomic bomb to end WW2. |
| Historian | an expert in or student of history, especially that of a particular period, geographical region, or social phenomenon. |
| Hitler, Adolf | Fascist leader of German Nazi Party ruled Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945 broke the Treaty of Versailles |
| Ho Chi Minh | Vietnamese nationalist who brought communism to North Vietnam during the latter part of the 20th century. |
| Holodomor | also known as the Ukrainian Famine caused by the Soviet Union killing millions of Ukrainians. |
| Holocaust | The Nazi program, which intended to exterminate all undesirables including the Jewish people of Europe |
| Human Rights | rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. |
| Hutu | The ethnic majority group in Rwanda that makes up 85% of the population. |
| Imperialism | Domination of one country by the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. |
| Industrialization | the process of transforming the economy of a nation or region from a focus on agriculture to a reliance on manufacturing |
| Indian National Congress INC | Group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800’s to gain greater democracy and eventual self rule |
| Indigenous | People who are native to a particular region. |
| Industrial Revolution | in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. |
| Interdependence | Mutual dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world. |
| Intifada | the Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, beginning in 1987 |
| International Monetary Fund IMF | Group that was started in the 1980’s. Works to help poorer nations to repay debt. |
| Inquisition | period of trials and investigations by the Catholic Church to find and persecute heretics. This was a reaction to the Protestant Reformation. |
| Iranian Revolution | Fall of Shah Pahlavi and arrival of Islamic Fundamentalist Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. |
| Iron Curtain | Invisible line dividing Democratic Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe during the Cold War. |
| Irish Home Rule | movement to secure internal autonomy for Ireland within the British Empire. |
| Irish Potato Famine | Between 1845 to 1852 Ireland suffered a period of starvation, disease and emigration that became known as the Great Famine. Potato crop that fed many citizens had become diseased. |
| Islam | Monotheistic religion which follows the Five Pillars of Faith, pilgrimages to Mecca, and reads from the Koran. |
| Isolationism | a person favoring a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries. |
| Kenyatta, Jomo | A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya |
| Khmer Rouge | Were Cambodian Communist guerillas that unleashed a reign of terror under Pol Pot. |
| Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah | Islamic Fundamentalist that took over during the Iranian Revolution. |
| Kim Jong Il | Former communist dictator of North Korea from 1994 until 2011. Developed North Korean nuclear weapons program while repressing political rights of his citizens. |
| Kim Jong Un | Current communist dictator of North Korea, and son of Kim Jong Il. Continues to develop North Korea’s nuclear weapons program and threaten war with the United States and South Korea. |
| King Leopold | King of Belgium that imperialized and brutalized Africans in the Congo. |
| King Louis XIV 14 | A divine right absolute monarch that claimed his power to rule came from God; he was well known for increasing the power of the French Monarchy and for building his magnificent palace at Versailles |
| Kipling, Rudyard | author of the people “The White Man’s Burden” |
| Korean War | Conflict during the Cold War. Communist North VS Democratic South. Ended with a divide at the 38th parallel. |
| Kwadwo, Osei | Asante Empire King |
| Kyoto Protocol | International treaty that commits nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. |
| Laissez faire | Policy of allowing business to operate with little or no government interference. |
| League of Nations | A group of more than 40 nations formed after World War I with the goal of settling problems through negotiation, not war. |
| Little Red Book | book of Mao Zedong's ideals that Red Guards were expected to carry and memorize. |
| Locke, John | Wrote Two Treatises of Government, which outlined the Natural Rights of life, liberty, and property |
| LOuverture, Toussaint | Leader of the Haitian Independence Movement |
| Mandate | to assign a territory to be governed by another nation. |
| Mandela, Nelson | A leader in the African National Congress who was imprisoned from 1964 to 1990. He became president of South Africa in 1994, after apartheid ended. |
| Market Economy | an economic system in which production and prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses. |
| Marx, Karl | German born social philosopher, considered the “father of communism.” In the mid 1800’s he argued that history was a struggle between the classes that would end with a victory for the proletariat. |
| Marxism | social and economic theory created by Karl Marx, designed to create a classless society. |
| Mau Mau | Radical revolutionaries in Kenya who took up arms to fight British imperialism. |
| May Fourth Movement | protesters rallied around the principles of science, democracy, and nationalism and called for a complete overhaul of Chinese society. The movement emphasized the need for modernization and Westernization to create a strong, independent China. |
| Meiji Restoration | The period between 1868 – 1912 when Japanese leaders studied western ways to better compete with the western world. |
| Migration | The movement of people from one place to another. |
| Militarism | Glorification of the military. |
| Milosevic, Slobodan | former president of Yugoslavia who was responsible for ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Kosovo. |
| Mixed Economy | an economy that combines aspects of both capitalism and socialism. |
| Modernization | the process of adding or changing government and cultural life to an modern or “up to date” standard of living. |
| Montesquieu | Wrote the Spirit of Laws, which designed a three branch system of government |
| Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo | led a peaceful resistance movement against the military dictatorship and repression in Argentina in response to the forced disappearance and torture of political opponents. |
| Mulatto | term created by Spanish colonialism for a person of both African and Caucasian descent. |
| Mughal Empire | An Islamic empire established by the Mongol conquerors of India that lasted from approximately 1526 to 1857 |
| Munich Agreement | British and French leaders appeased Hitler and persuaded the Czechs to surrender the Sudetenland to the Germans |
| Mussolini, Benito | Fascist leader of Italy from 1922 until 1943; marched on Rome and declared himself Italy’s ruler |
| NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement | Allows for free trade in the member states of United States, Canada, and Mexico. |
| Napoleonic Code | law code established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804 served as an example for the law codes of other countries. Included Enlightenment ideals. |
| Napoleonic Wars | a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte 1804–1815 and a fluctuating array of European coalitions. |
| National Assembly | Group formed mostly by the Third Estate in France in 1789 with the intention of writing a new constitution |
| Nationalism | A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country |
| NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization | The military alliance for a mutual defense between the U.S., Canada, and western nations. |
| Nazi | Political party of Adolf Hitler in Germany. |
| Nehru | leader of the socialist wing of the Indian National Congress during and after India's struggle for independence from the British Empire. |
| New Deal | Group of government programs created by the American government to help citizens recover after the Great Depression. |
| Nkrumah, Kwame | Worked to remove British imperialists from Africa became the first Prime Minister of Ghana |
| Nonalignment | to not choose and alliance or side of a conflict. |
| NonProliferation Treaty | international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament. |
| Nuclear Proliferation | the buildup and spread of nuclear weapons and technology. |
| Nuremberg Trials | Site of war crimes trials accusing Nazi leaders of “crimes against humanity” showed that political and military leaders could be held accountable for actions in wartime |
| Opium War | Conflict between Britain and China in 1839 over the Opium trade. |
| OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries | A trade group that attempts to set world oil prices by controlling oil production. |
| Ottoman Empire | an Islamic/Muslim empire that was founded after the conquest of the Byzantine city of Constantinople it reached its greatest size under Emperor Suleiman the Magnificent, when it covered parts of Asia, Europe, and North Africa |
| Pacifism | Opposition to all war |
| Pahlavi, Reza Shah | Nationalist leader of Iran who modernized and westernized |
| Pankhurst, Emmeline | British political activist known for organizing the woman's suffragist movement. |
| Pan Slavism | Nationalistic movement that sought to unite Slavic peoples |
| Paris Peace Conference | Where the terms of peace were determined after World War 1. |
| Parliament | Representative assembly of England. |
| Partition | To divide. |
| Passive Resistance | a way of opposing the government without using violence especially by refusing to obey laws. |
| Perestroika | restructuring of the Soviet government and economy in the 1980s. |
| Persian Gulf War | a war fought between Iraq and a United States led coalition of United Nations' forces. The war was a result of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. |
| Pinochet, Augusto | militaristic and brutal dictator of Chile. |
| Pogrom | an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jewish people in Russia or eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. |
| Pol Pot | Was the leader of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. He killed over one million Cambodians throughout the 1970s |
| Princip, Gavrilo | Man responsible for the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. |
| Propaganda | Spreading of ideas and information to promote a certain cause or to damage an opposing cause. |
| Putin, Vladimir | Current leader of Russia suspect of human rights violations. |
| Queen Elizabeth | queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1952 to 2022. |
| Queen Victoria | queen of Great Britain and Ireland and empress of India from 1837 to 1901 |
| Rwanda Genocide | 100 day genocide of the Tutsis by the Hutus in 1994. |
| Third Reich | The German government under the Nazi leadership of Hitler. |
| Reparations | Payment for war damages or war damages caused by imprisonment. |
| Republic | A government ruled by elected representatives. |
| Robespierre, Maximilien | leader of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. |
| Romanov, Czar Nicolas II | The last absolute monarch of Russia who abdicated the throne and was murdered by communists. |
| RussoJapanese War | Conflict between Russia and Japan over territory in Asia, in which Japan won much land over Russia. |
| Russification | when non Russians take on Russian ideas and customs. |
| Russian Revolution | a time when the Russian Monarchy was overthrown by the working class and replaced by a communist government. |
| Sadler Report | The report highlighted the poor working conditions and excessive working hours for children working in the factories during the Industrial Revolution. |
| Salt March | Gandhi’s attempt to end the British salt monopoly by marching to the ocean to retrieve salt rather than purchase it from the British. |
| Samurai | member of the warrior class in feudal Japanese society. |
| Satellite | A dependent state |
| Scarcity | the state of being in short supply of something. |
| Schlieffen Plan | Prior to World War I, The Schlieffen Plan established that, in case of the outbreak of war, Germany would attack France first and then Russia |
| Secularism | separation of government from religion. |
| Selfdetermination | Right of people to choose their own form of government. |
| Selfsufficiency | needing no outside help in satisfying one's basic needs, especially with regard to the production of food. |
| Six Day War | War between Israel and the Arab countries of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. It ended with Israel capturing the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. |
| Smith, Adam | Scottish economist who supported laissez faire economics and the free enterprise system. |
| Socialism | A system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses. |
| Sociologist | an expert in or student of the development, structure, and functioning of human society. |
| Sovereignty | the authority of a state to govern itself or another state. |
| Soviet Union USSR | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; multinational state made up of European and Asian people |
| Spheres of Influence | Area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges. |
| Spinning Jenny | a machine for spinning with more than one spindle at a time, patented by James Hargreaves in 1770. |
| Stalin, Joseph | Totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union from 1926 until his death in 1953; sought to purge his enemies and was responsible for killing 20 million people |
| Suez Canal | a human made waterway that cuts north |
| Suffrage | The right to vote. |
| Superpower | A nation strong enough to influence the acts and policies of other nations. US and USSR during the Cold War |
| Theocracy | a system of government which is influenced by religion. |
| Tiananmen Square Massacre | In 1989, demonstrators peacefully assembled to push for greater democracy in China and were attacked by government troops and tanks. |
| Tokugawa Shogunate | The last feudal government to rule Japan, the Tokugawa shoguns brought peace and stability for nearly 300 years |
| Totalitarian | Government in which a one party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizen’s lives |
| Traditional Economy | where economic decisions on cultural values and beliefs. Barter system. |
| Trenches | Type of warfare where troops dig into the land and fight. |
| Truman Doctrine | The policy made by US President Truman in 1947 that made it clear that Americans would resist Soviet expansion in Europe or elsewhere in the world. |
| Tull, Jethro | inverter of the seed drill. |
| Tutsi | The ethnic minority group in Rwanda that were victims of genocide. |
| Two Treatises of Government | Work by John Locke outlining his Enlightenment Ideals. |
| UNICEF | United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund provides humanitarian aid to children in disadvantaged communities. |
| United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR | UN Refugee Agency, protects people forced to flee their homes due to conflict and persecution. |
| United Nations | An international organization established after World War II, which deals with issues of global concern |
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights | Created by the UN after WW2 listing all the human rights that citizens of the world should enjoy. |
| Unequal Treaties | A treaty forced upon a country being dominated by another during Imperialism. |
| Urbanization | movement of people to cities |
| Versailles | City in France. OR Site where French Monarchs lived a lavish lifestyle. OR Treaty signed at the end of World War I. |
| Vietnam War | Cold War conflict between communist and Soviet backed North Vietnam against democratic US backed South Vietnam. |
| Warsaw Pact | The military alliance between the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellites. |
| Westernization | Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture. |
| White Man’s Burden | The idea that it is the responsibility of people of European descent to take care of people of other races due to their perceived superior culture, technology, government, etc. |
| Wollstonecraft, Mary | An English writer and philosopher. Also an advocate of women’s rights. Famous for writing A Vindication of the Rights of Women. |
| World Bank | international organization whose goal is to reduce poverty by offering assistance to middle income and low-income countries. |
| World War I | Conflict caused by Militarism, Alliance Systems, Imperialism, Nationalism, and the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. Fought in trenches and concluded by the Treaty of Versailles. |
| World War II | A war fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Axis powers Germany , Italy , and Japan and the Allies , including France and Britain , and later the Soviet Union and the United States. |
| World Health Organization WHO | United Nations health organization that promote health, keep the world safe and serves the vulnerable. |
| World Trade Organization WTO | international organization that tries to regulate trade between world countries. |
| Xiaoping, Deng | was the leader of China during the 1980s. He was known for strengthening China’s economy through the Four Modernizations. |
| Yalta Conference | Meeting of US, Britain, and the USSR after World War 2 to discuss power and reorganization of Europe. |
| Yeltsin, Boris | President of Russia after the fall of the USSR. |
| Zedong, Mao | Leader of the Chinese Communist; gained massive support from peasants; ruled China from 1949 until his death in 1976 |
| Zionism | Movement devoted to rebuilding a Jewish state in Palestine |
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