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RWD's
Regents Review - All words
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Globalization | The process of the world becoming more interconnected as a result of increased trade and cultural exchange. |
| Cultural Diffusion | The spread of ideas, customs and technologies from one group of people to another. |
| Enduring Issue | A challenge or problem that society has faced and debated or discussed across time; many societies have attempted to address the issue with varying degrees of success. |
| Belief System | A set of principles or tenets which together form the basis of a religion, philosophy or moral code. |
| Millet system | Non-Muslim (Jewish and Christian) communities within the Ottoman Empire that had the power to govern themselves. In return for religious freedom, citizens in Millets owed loyalty to the Ottoman Empire. |
| Janissaries | Member of an elite force in the army of the Ottoman Empire. |
| Ethnocentrism | The belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all others. |
| Social Hierarchy | A system of ranking people within a society - some hierarchies allow social mobility and others do not. |
| Absolutism | A system of government in which a monarch has complete authority and centralized power. |
| Divine right | The belief held by Absolute Monarchs that the authority to rule comes directly from god. |
| Westernization | The process of adopting Western ideas and culture in the areas of technology, law, lifestyle and values. Ex.) Peter the Great |
| Secular | Having to do with worldly rather than religious matters. |
| Enlightenment | A period in Western Europe when philosophers applied scientific ideas of reason to answer political questions such as how leaders should interact with their citizens. |
| Enlightened Despot | Absolute monarchs who used their power to bring about positive political and social changes to their citizens. *Catherine the Great |
| Natural Rights | Rights that belong to all humans from birth; they include life, liberty and property. **John Locke |
| Social Contract | An agreement by which people give up some of their freedoms in order to avoid chaos. |
| Habeas Corpus | The idea that a person can not be held in prison without first being charged with a crime. |
| Suffrage | The right to vote. |
| Revolution | A great change in ideas, technology or government; revolutions can be political or nonpolitical. |
| Popular Sovereignty | The principle that a government's power comes from the people. **”Consent of the governed.” |
| Deficit Spending | When a government spends more money than it takes in. |
| Estates General | A representative group in France of all 3 Estates. In meetings of the Estates General each Estate only got one vote. |
| Constitution | A document detailing how a specific government operates and the fundamental laws of that country. |
| Emigrés | Members of the Clergy and Nobility who fled France during the revolution. |
| Treason | To betray one’s own government or to aid a nation’s enemies. |
| Radicals | People who favor drastic changes in society to achieve a goal or gain power. |
| Jacobins | A political party during the French Revolution led by Maximillian Robespierre - they were responsible for the Reign of Terror. |
| Conservatsm | a set of beliefs held by those who want to preserve traditional ways. |
| Coup d’etat | The act of overthrowing a government in favor of another - usually through violent means. |
| Plebiscite | A vote in which citizens express their opinion - used by Napoleon Bonaparte |
| Electoral College | A body of people representing the states of the United States who formally cast votes for the election of the President. |
| Legitimacy | The policy by which monarchs that had been removed from power by Napoleon were restored to power after his exile. |
| Abdicate | To give up one’s power as a political leader. |
| Legitimacy | The policy by which monarchs that had been removed from power by Napoleon were restored to power aft |
| Congress of Vienna | A meeting of European leaders, diplomats and royalty who attempted to create peace and a balance of power in Europe after the French Revolution. |
| Encomienda System | A social hierarchy created in South America by the Spanish Government so that colonists could demand labor from Native Americans and their descendents. |
| Nationalism | A feeling of pride or devotion to one’s country or cultural group. Nationalism can unify or segregate groups of people. |
| Agricultural Revolution: | A change in farming methods in the 1700s that improved the quality and quantity of farm products. * Also known as the Agrarian Revolution |
| Urbanization | The movement of people from rural areas to cities. |
| Industrial Revolution | The period in which production of goods shifted from hand production at home to complex machines in factories - began in Great Britain around 1750. |
| Natural Resource | Materials that exist in nature and can be used for economic gain. Ex.) Water, fertile land, oil, coal |
| Famine | An extreme scarcity or shortage of food resulting in widespread malnutrition and loss of life by starvation and disease. |
| Technological Unemployment | The loss of jobs caused by technological change - includes the introduction of more efficient mechanical muscle and mind machines. |
| Proletariat | According to Karl Marx this group were the “Have Nots” - members of the working class who were exploited and taken advantage of by the wealthy. |
| Imperialism | Occurs when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region and controls its economic, political and cultural life. |
| British East India Company (BEIC) | A British joint stock company that seized control of large parts of India. The BEIC lost its power in India after the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857. |
| Laissez-Faire Economics | The belief that the government should NOT interfere with business or the economy - developed by Adam Smith. **Also known as Free Market or Capitalism |
| Sepoy: | An Indian soldier -usually a follower of either Hinduism or Islam. |
| White Man’s Burden: | A poem written by Rudyard Kipling that expressed the idea that European imperialists had a moral obligation to educate and civilize the people in the areas they controlled. |
| Berlin Conference: | A meeting of European leaders in 1884 at which they discussed their plans to divide up and imperialize Africa. No African leaders were invited to this conference. |
| Social Darwinism: | States that the laws of nature apply to society; social progress results from conflicts where the fittest (best) individuals or societies prevail. |
| Sphere of Influence: | A form of imperialism in which an outside power claims exclusive trading or investment rights. Ex.) China |
| Extraterritoriality: | The right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own country while living in another country. |
| Total War | A conflict in which participating countries devote all of their resources towards the war effort. |
| Militarism | The glorification of the military and preparation for war. |
| Allied Powers | Previously known as the Triple Entente it was a World War I alliance of Great Britain, France and Russia. - Later joined by Italy, the United States and others. |
| Central Powers | Previously known as the Triple Alliance, it was a World War I alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. -Later, Bulgaria joined |
| War of Attrition | A military strategy in which each side of a conflict attempts to wear down the opposing side to the point of defeat. |
| Conscription | The draft; required men 18 and over to be ready for military service. |
| Neutrality | The foreign policy of a nation to not participate in a war between other nations. |
| Propaganda | The spreading of ideas through media to promote a certain cause or to damage an opposing cause. |
| Pacifism | Opposition to all war, no matter the circumstances |
| Reparations | Payment for the damages of war. |
| Self Determination | The right of citizens to choose their own system of government. ** Woodrow Wilson |
| Zionism | A movement dedicated to building a Jewish state in Palestine/Israel |
| Collective Security | A system in which a group of nations act as one to preserve the peace of all. |
| Bolshevik | revolutionary Communist political party led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky in Russia. They adapted the ideas of Karl Marx. |
| Censorship | The suppression or prohibition of books, films, news, etc. that are considered by a government to be politically unacceptable or a threat to security. |
| Soviet | Councils of workers and soldiers that were set up by Russian revolutionaries in 1917. |
| Dissident | A person who disagrees with the general opinions or actions of a group. |
| Collectivization | A policy in the USSR under Joseph Stalin that required peasants to give up their independent farms and move onto massive farms with other peasants. Many peasants refused collectivization, especially in Ukraine. |
| Inflation | Occurs when the value of currency is decreasing but the price of goods and services is increasing. |
| Fascism | A system of government in which a dictator has complete power and the state is seen as more important than the individuals within it. |
| Anti-Semitism | Hostility or prejudice against followers of Judaism. |
| Lebensraum | “Living space” - this idea was the driving force behind the Third Reich’s military conquests as well as their discriminatory and violent racial policies. |
| Nazi-Soviet Pact | August 1939- Hitler and Stalin agreed to attack and divide Poland; after that they would not be allies or enemies. **Non-Aggression Pact |
| Appeasement | The policy of giving in to an aggressive nations demands in an effort to avoid conflict.- Neville Chamberlain |
| Blitzkrieg | “Lightning War”A military tactic used by the Germans against Poland, involved quick moving continuous attacks against the enemy |
| Final Solution | The Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews, it was introduced by Heinrich Himmler and resulted in the genocide of 6 million followers of Judaism. |
| Waffen SS | An elite part of Hitler’s Schutzstaffel (SS). It began as Hitler’s private security and grew into a fanatical fighting force of nearly 1 million. |
| Refugee: | A person who flees his or her homeland to seek safety elsewhere. |
| Nuclear Proliferation | The spread of nuclear weapons, nuclear technology, fissionable material and nuclear weapons-making information to the countries that do not possess these. |
| Unconditional Surrender | Demanded by the United States and issued to Japan; a surrender in which no guarantees are made to the surrendering nation. |
| Nuremberg Trials | War crimes trials held after WWII to hold Nazis accountable for crimes against humanity as a result of their actions during the Holocaust |
| United Nations | An international peacekeeping organization formed in to provide a place to discuss world problems and develop solutions. |
| Cold War | A continuing state of tension & hostility between the USA & USSR after 1945 because of differences in political and economic philosophies. |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a multinational military alliance to which the U.S belongs, formed at the end of WWII as a response to Communism during the cold war. |
| Warsaw Pact | A military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite states; formed as a response to NATO in 1955. |
| Containment: | A Cold War policy that called for containing Communism to areas where it already existed; proposed by Harry Truman. |
| Nonaligned Nations: | Nations that were not allied with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Ex.) India, Indonesia, Egypt, Ghana, Yugoslavia |
| Satellite: | A country that is economically and politically dependent on a more powerful country. During the Cold War the USSR had 7 satellite states. |
| Iron Curtain: | A term popularized by Winston Churchill - the “Iron Curtain” isolated Eastern European Communist nations from Democratic nations in Western Europe. |
| Civil Disobedience: | The refusal to obey unjust laws but NOT through violent means. Also called passive resistance and nonviolence *Gandhi - “Soul Force” |
| Boycott: | To abstain from buying or using goods produced by a certain country or group to show protest. |
| Homespun Movement: | An act of civil disobedience encouraged by Gandhi; he urged Indians to spin their own cotton instead of purchasing it from the British |
| Salt March: | An act of civil disobedience led by Gandhi; thousands of Indians protested the British monopoly & tax on salt by walking 240 miles to the ocean to make and sell their own salt. |
| Partition: | The action of dividing a country into parts. Ex.) Partition of India |
| Apartheid: | A policy in South Africa that called for segregation and separation of different races. |
| African National Congress: | (ANC) A group formed by opponents of Apartheid in South Africa - the ANC encouraged nonviolent political activism by Black South Africans. |
| Truth & Reconciliation Commission: | South Africa -A court-like body that met to hear testimony regarding human rights violations that were committed during Apartheid - in some cases Amnesty was granted. |
| Human Rights: | Basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person from birth until death. They apply regardless of where a person is from or what they believe. |
| Cultural Revolution: | A program launched in 1966 by Mao Zedong to renew loyalty to communism and purge China of non revolutionary ideas/practices. |
| The Four Modernizations | A program of Deng Xiaoping; focused on industry, agriculture, technology and defense. The program was successful and made China competitive in the global economy. |
| Red Guard | A militaristic group of students in China who brutalized those who opposed Communism and the leadership of Mao Zedong. |
| Cultural Revolution: | A program launched in 1966 by Mao Zedong to renew loyalty to communism and purge China of non revolutionary ideas/practices. |
| Meiji Restoration: | A period from 1868 - 1912 in Japan during which time the country industrialized and modernized. |
| Fundamentalism | A form of religion that upholds the belief in strict and literal interpretation of scripture. |
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