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Final Exam Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| island | an area of land completely surrounded by water |
| semiarid | mostly dry |
| agriculture | farming |
| Great Barrier Reef | largest coral reef in the world |
| marsupial | mammal that carries its baby in a body pouch (kangaroo) |
| Aborigines | native Australians |
| Outback | large desert area in central Australia |
| penal colony | British sent prisoners to settle Australia |
| stations | large sheep or cattle ranches in Australia |
| standard of living | the quality of life of a group of people |
| nomadic | to move from place to place |
| import | to bring goods into a country |
| export | to ship goods out of a country |
| hemisphere | half the Earth |
| continent | large land mass |
| ocean | large body of salt water |
| geography | the study of the Earth and how people use it |
| globe | a model of the Earth |
| location | shows where something is |
| place | describes the physical and human features of an area |
| human | environment interaction- shows how humans interact with the environment and how the environment affects people |
| movement | shows how people, goods, and ideas move |
| region | used to make comparisons between areas |
| projection | putting Earth’s surface on a flat piece of paper |
| equator | 0 ° line of latitude, divides the Earth into northern and southern hemispheres |
| Prime Meridian | 0° line of longitude, divides the Earth into eastern and western hemispheres |
| landform | a type of land found on Earth’s surface (hills, mountains, plains, desert) |
| desert | large area of dry land that gets less than 10 inches of rain a year |
| plain | large area of flat or gently rolling land |
| flood plain | large area of flat land found along a river |
| delta | triangular-shaped plain of fertile land found at the mouth of a river |
| Mount Everest | highest mountain in the world |
| Sherpa | Nepalese person who works as a mountain guide on Everest |
| Nepal | landlocked country found in the Himalayas |
| Edmund Hillary | first man to successfully summit Everest |
| climate | the type of weather a place has over a long period of time |
| landlocked | to be completely surrounded by land, no coastline |
| monsoons | storms which bring heavy wind and rain to a region |
| rural | the countryside |
| urban | a city area |
| Dead Sea | lowest point on Earth, saltwater lake |
| scarce | very little available |
| irrigation | to bring water to crops |
| Judaism | a monotheistic religion which began in the Middle East, its followers are called Jews |
| monotheistic | to believe in one god |
| polytheistic | to believe in many gods |
| life expectancy | the average number of years a person is expected to live |
| natural resource | something found in nature (water, trees, gold, coal) that is useful to people |
| population | the total number of people in an area |
| poverty | the condition of being poor |
| prehistory | the period of time BEFORE writing |
| history | the recorded events of people |
| archeologist | a scientist who studies ancient remains |
| artifact | an object that was made and used by humans long ago |
| Stone Age (Paleolithic Era) | a time when humans made tools, weapons and other objects ,mainly from stone |
| fertile | good for growing plants |
| domesticate | to tame wild plants and animals for human use |
| Neolithic Revolution | a change from hunting and gathering to farming |
| surplus | more than is needed; extra |
| artisan | a person who is skilled in crafting items by hand |
| civilization | a way of life that includes living in cities, farming, government, specialized jobs, writing, art and architecture |
| social class | a group of people who have similar backgrounds, incomes and ways of living |
| Mesopotamia | “land between two rivers”, an area of fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Iraq |
| Fertile Crescent | a region of fertile land stretching in an arc from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf |
| city-state | an independent city with its own government, laws, and customs |
| scribe | a professional writer |
| cuneiform | a type of writing invented by the Sumerians |
| stylus | a wedge-shaped stick used to make marks on clay |
| levee | a wall of dirt built to hold back floodwaters |
| caravan | a group of traders traveling together |
| myth | a traditional story told to explain people’s beliefs |
| ziggurat | a temple built to honor the Sumerian gods |
| empire | many territories and people controlled by one government |
| code | a set of laws |
| Hammurabi | Powerful king of Babylon who created a set of laws based on the principle of “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” |
| keystone | a wedge-shaped stone in an arch used to make an arched opening in doorways |
| Hanging Gardens of Babylon | one of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World |
| silt | fine soil left behind after a river floods |
| Black land | name the Egyptians gave to the land where they lived |
| Red land | name the Egyptians gave to the desert |
| pharaoh | the king of Egypt |
| dynasty | a series of rulers from the same family |
| absolute power | to have complete and total power |
| King Tut | young pharaoh whose tomb was found intact and filled with treasure |
| pyramid | a huge tomb built for pharaohs |
| mummy | a dead body preserved by drying |
| hieroglyphics | a type of Egyptian picture writing |
| papyrus | a plant that was made into paper by the Egyptians |
| Rosetta stone | a stone found in Egypt which unlocked the mystery of hieroglyphics |
| Great pyramid | the largest pyramid ever built |
| afterlife | life after death |
| Nubia | ancient civilization located south of Egypt |
| kingdoms | time periods in Egypt’s history |
| Huang He | also known as the Yellow River |
| loess | silt deposited along the banks of China’s rivers |
| extended family | members of your family including grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins |
| Confucius | Chinese teacher and philosopher who taught the “Golden Rule” |
| Silk Road | trade route between China and Europe, goods traveled along the route |
| Mandate of Heaven | people in China believed that rulers came to power because it was their destiny or fate |
| patriarchal family | a family in which the oldest male is in charge |
| civil service | a type of job in which the person works for the government |
| peninsula | land that has water on 3 sides but is connected to the mainland (Italy, Greece, Denmark, Florida) |
| democracy | a type of government in which the people rule |
| monarchy | a type of government in which a King or Queen rules |
| Iliad | an epic poem about a war between the Greeks and the city of Troy |
| epic poem | a very long poem |
| Minoans | the first civilization in Greece, they lived on the island of Crete |
| Mycenaeans | warrior culture that lived on the mainland of Greece |
| aristocrats | the wealthy, upper class; they controlled most of the land |
| tribute | money paid to a government by a weaker one |
| oracles | religious sites where the Greeks consulted the gods |
| Parthenon | a temple built to honor Athena in Athens, famous for its columns |
| Leonidas | King of Sparta who led the Greeks at the battle of Thermopylae |
| Thermopylae | narrow mountain pass where the Greeks made their stand against the Persians |
| agora | the marketplace in a Greek city |
| philosopher | a person who uses logic and reason to understand their world |
| citizens | members of a city, state, or nation |
| government | a system for running a city, state, or nation |
| revolt | to go against |
| academy | a school |
| military | having to do with an army |
| comedy | a funny play |
| tragedy | a serious play in which the main character faces a challenging problem |
| immortal | to live forever |
| Homer | poet who is given credit for writing the Iliad |
| acropolis | the fortified hill of an ancient Greek city |
| Alexander the Great | King of Macedon who conquered the largest empire in the world, everywhere he went, he spread Greek culture |
| Hellenistic | refers to Greek history and culture after the death of Alexander the Great |
| republic | a type of government in which citizens elect representatives to run the country for them |
| consul | one of 2 officials who led the Roman republic |
| dictator | a person who rules with complete and total power |
| patrician | a member of an upper-class family in ancient Rome |
| province | a unit or area of an empire or country |
| aqueduct | a structure for bringing fresh water to Rome’s cities |
| Colosseum | an arena where gladiator and wild animal contests were held |
| villa | a large country estate in Rome |
| gladiator | a person who fought in an arena for entertainment |
| Jesus | founder of Christianity, believed by his followers to be the Messiah |
| disciple | a follower of Jesus |
| Christianity | a religion that began in the Roman empire |
| inflation | an economic situation in which there is more money with less value |
| Julius Caesar | Roman leader who was famously assassinated on March 15, 44 B.C. |
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