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Final Exam Vocab
History
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Scientific Method | A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions. |
| Isaac Newton | Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe. |
| Divine Right | Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from god. |
| Natural Rights | Life, Liberty, and Property |
| Social Contract | A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules. |
| Thomas Hobbes | English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) |
| John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. |
| Rousseau | believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property (social contract) |
| Enlightened Despot | Absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change |
| Estates General | An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France. |
| Reign of Terror | (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty" |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. |
| Robespierre | French political leader of eighteenth century. Jacobin, one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution, in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror (thousands of persons were executed without trial), he was executed without trial |
| Urbanization | An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. |
| Tenements | Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived |
| Socialism | A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. |
| Karl Marx | 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary, Communism creator, analysis of history led his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism - classless society |
| Proletariat | working class |
| Louis Pasteur | A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer. |
| Imperialism | A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. |
| Industrial Revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.. |
| Social Darwinism | The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. |
| Sphere of Influence | A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities. |
| Paternalism | the policy or practice of treating or governing people in the manner of a father dealing with his children |
| Berlin Conference | A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa |
| Assimilation | the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another |
| Sepoy Mutiny | an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India |
| Jewel in the Crown | the British colony of India--- so called because of its importance in the British empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods |
| Meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. |
| Militarism | A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war |
| Nationalism | A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country |
| Triple Entente | A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I. |
| Central Powers of WWI | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I. |
| Western Front | A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other. |
| Stalemate | A situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible |
| Trench Warfare | A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. |
| U-boats | German submarines |
| Armenian Genocide | the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters |
| Total War | A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort |
| Rationing | A limited portion or allowance of food or goods; limitation of use |
| Lusitania | A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war. |
| Zimmerman Telegram | A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S. |
| Propaganda | Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause. |
| Woodrow Wilson | Former US president, World War I leader, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage, Treaty of Versailles, 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification) |
| Treaty of Versailles (1919) | Treaty that ended World War I - most important part was the forced blame on Germany and other allies |
| Reparations (War-guilt clause) | Payment from an enemy for economic injury suffered during a war |
| League of Nations | an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations |
| Tsar Nicholas II | the last Emperor of Russia, cousin of King George V |
| Bolsheviks | Russian Communists who took control of Russia following the revolution |
| Lenin | Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924. |
| Stalin | Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) |
| Gandhi, Mohandas K | Usually referred to by his soubriquet "Mahatma" (Great Soul), Gandhi (1869-1948) was a political leader and the undoubted spiritual leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain |
| Civil Disobedience | A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences. |
| Amritsar Massacre | killing by British troops of nearly 400 Indians gathered at Amritsar to protest the Rowlatt Acts |
| Albert Einstein | German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. |
| Sigmund Freud | Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis |
| Existentialism | A philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions |
| Surrealism | An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images |
| Great Depression | the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s |
| Fascism | A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition |
| Mussolini | Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945) |
| Totalitarianism | A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) |
| Adolf Hitler | Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust. |
| Mein Kampf | 'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession |
| Lebensraum | Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people |
| Holocaust | the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler |
| Nuremberg Laws | 1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood. |
| Nuremberg Trials | A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity. |
| Appeasement | Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict |
| Axis Powers | Germany, Italy, Japan |
| Sudetenland (1938) | appeasement; Hitler promised that his last territorial demand was the Sudeten territory from Czechoslovakia |
| Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact | A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other |
| Blitzkrieg | "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939 |
| Luftwaffe | German Air Force |
| Lend-Lease Act | allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S |
| Aryans | Germanic people seen by Hitler as the master race |
| Kristallnacht | (Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews. |
| United Nations | An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. |
| Cold War | A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. |
| Iron Curtain | A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region |
| Containment | American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world |
| Truman Doctrine | 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey |
| Marshall Plan | A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952) |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries |
| Warsaw Pact | An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO |
| Detente | an time period agreement to reduce arms for the US and USSR |
| Mutually Assured Destruction | (MAD) if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same |
| Domino Theory | A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control. |
Created by:
ava.mayne
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