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Med Term Ch 2
Chapter 2 - Medical Terminology for Health Professions 9th E Schroeder
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aden/o | Root / Combine Form : Gland |
| adip/o | Root / Combine Form : Fat |
| anter/o | Root / Combine Form : Before, front |
| caud/o | Lower part of body / tail |
| cephal/o | Head |
| cyt/o | Root / Combine Form : Cell |
| -cyte | Suffix : Cell |
| end- and endo- | Prefix : In, within, inside |
| exo- | Prefix : Out of, outside, away from |
| hist/o | Root / Combine Form : tissue |
| -ologist | Suffix: specialist |
| -ology | Suffix : The science or study of |
| path/o | Root / Combine Form : disease, suffering, feeling, or emotion |
| -pathy | Suffix: disease, suffering, feeling, or emotion |
| plas/i and plas/o | Root / Combine Form : (2) Development, growth, formation |
| -plasia | Suffix: Development, growth, formation |
| poster/o | Root / Combine Form : behind, toward the back |
| -stasis and -static | Suffix: (2) control, maintenance of a constant level |
| Anatomy | The Study of structures of the body. |
| Anatomical | Adjective - referring to anatomy |
| Physiology | The study of the functions of structures of the body. |
| physi/o | Root / Combine Form : Nature or Physical |
| Anatomical Position | A body 1. Standing straight so the body is erect and facing forward 2. Holding arms at side with palms facing front |
| Body Planes | Imaginary vertical or horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes |
| Sagittal Plane | A Vertical Plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions |
| Midsagittal Plane | A vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right portions. AKA Midline |
| Frontal Plane | A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior/posterior AKA front/back portions. AKA Coronal Plane |
| Name the Body Planes | Frontal Plane (AKA Coronal Plane) Midsagittal Plane (AKA midline) Sagittal Plane Transverse Plane |
| Transverse Plane | A Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior/inferior portions AKA upper/lower portions. |
| Ventral | Direction Term Referring to the front or belly-side of the body Opp. Dorsal |
| Ventr | Root : Belly side of the body |
| Dorsal | Direction Term Referring to the back of the organ or back of the body. Opp. Ventral |
| Anterior | Direction Term Referring to being situated in the front, OR the front/forward part of an organ. Opp. Posterior |
| Anter/o | Root / Combine Form : Front or Before |
| Posterior | Direction Term Referring to being situated in the back OR the back part of the organ. Opp. Anterior |
| Superior | Direction Term Referring to the uppermost, above, or toward the head. Opp. Inferior |
| Inferior | Direction Term Referring to the lowermost, below, or toward the feet. Opp. Superior |
| Cephalic | Direction Term meaning toward the head. Opp. Caudal |
| Caudal | Direction Term meaning toward the tail or lowest part of the body. Opp. Cephalic |
| Proximal | Direction Term meaning situated nearest the midline OR the beginning of a body structure. Opp. Distal |
| Distal | Direction Term meaning situated farthest from the midline OR from the beginning of a body structure. Opp. Proximal |
| Medial | Direction Term meaning toward or nearer the midline (NOT body structure). Opp. Lateral |
| Lateral | Direction Term meaning away from or father from the midline (NOT body structure). Opp. Medial |
| Bilateral | Relating to, or having, two sides. |
| The 2 Major Body Cavities | The Dorsal Body Cavity The Ventral Body Cavity |
| The 2 Parts of the Dorsal Body Cavity | The Cranial Cavity (Skull/brain) The Spinal Cavity (Spinal cord) |
| The 3 Parts of the Ventral Body Cavity | The Thoracic Cavity (diaphragm and above) The Abdominal Cavity (organs of digestion) The Pelvic Cavity (organs of reproduction and excretion) |
| Thoracic Cavity | The upper portion of the Ventral Cavity, separated from the Abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm and contains organs of cardiopulmonary functions. AKA the Chest Cavity, AKA the thorax. |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity | The name of the combined Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities, often referred to together because there is no physical barrier between them |
| abdomin/o | Root / Combine Form : Abdomen |
| pelv | Root : Pelvis |
| inguinal | Relating to the groin including the lowest area of the abdomen. |
| groin | the crease at the junction of the trunk and the upper (superior) end of the thigh |
| Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen | There are 9 regions of the thorax and abdomen, making 3 layers of 3 parts. When using these terms, they always refer to the patent's right or left. |
| Hypochondriac Regions (Right and Left) | The highest peripheral regions of the thorax and abdomen, located at the lower-rib region. |
| Hypochondriac | A term meaning "below the ribs" OR an individual with an abnormal concern about his or her health. |
| Chondr/i | Root / Combine Form : Cartilage |
| Epigastric Region | The highest central region of the thorax and abdomen, located at the midline "below the ribs" and is between the Hypochondriac Regions |
| Lumbar Regions (Right and Left) | The middle peripheral regions of the thorax and abdomen, located right and left of the navel. |
| Lumb | Root: Lower back |
| Umbilical Region | The middle central region of the thorax and abdomen, located at and immediately surrounding the navel, aka the umbilicus. |
| Umbilicus | The point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth. The Navel AKA the Belly Button |
| Iliac Regions (Right and Left) | The lower peripheral regions of the thorax and abdomen, located near the hip bones. |
| ili/a | Root / Combine Form : Hip Bone |
| Hypogastric Region | The lower central region of the thorax and abdomen, located under the stomach / at the pelvis |
| The Quadrants of the Abdomen | Using the umbilicus as a central point, the abdomen is divided into 4 quadrants. They are the Right Upper Quadrant, Left Upper Quadrant, Right Lower Quadrant, and Left Lower Quadrant. RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ |
| Peritoneum | A multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity. |
| Membrane | A thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space/organ |
| Parietal Peritoneum | The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall |
| Parietal | A term meaning "Cavity wall" |
| Mesentery | A fused double-layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the anterior abdominal wall. |
| Viceral | A term meaning relating to the internal organs. |
| Visceral Peritoneum | The inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the internal organs in the abdominal cavity. |
| Retroparitoneal | Located behind the peritoneum, for example, the location of the kidneys. |
| Retro- | Prefix: Behind |
| periton | Root : Peritoneum |
| Peritonitis | Inflammation of the Peritoneum |
| Cells | The basic structural and functional unit of the body, which is then grouped into tissues and organs |
| Cytology | The study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of a cell |
| Cytologist | A specialist in the study and analysis of cells |
| Cell Membrane | The tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment |
| Cytoplasm | The material within the cell membrane that IS NOT part of the nucleus |
| -plasm | Suffix: Formative material of cells |
| Nucleus | A structure within the cell surrounded by a nuclear membrane. It has 2 important functions: controls the activities of the cell and helps the cell divide. |
| Stem Cells | Unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division. |
| Somatic Stem Cells | Adult Stem Cells. Undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ, whose primary role is to maintain and repair tissue. |
| Undifferentiated | Not having a specialized function or structure. |
| Differentiated | Having a specialized function or structure. |
| Embryonic stem cells | Stem Cells from an embryo. Unlike Any specific adult cell, but can form into any adult cell. These cells: grow rapidly, are primitive, and would not require a perfect match if used in a transplant. Found in cord blood of infants, or surplus embryos. |
| Cord Blood | The blood found in the umbilical cord and placenta of a newborn infant, filled with embryonic cells. Can be kept frozen. |
| Informed Consent | Those involved in a medical treatment, research, donation, (etc) have been given information about what is involved before granting permission. |
| Regenerative Medicine | AKA Stem Cell Therapy uses Stem Cells ability to heal and repair other cells as a healing treatment. |
| Hematopoietic | Blood-forming, as in the tissue of the bone marrow. |
| Graft vs Host Disease | The possible rejection that can happen when donor material is transplanted into a recipient. |
| gene/o | Root / Combine Form : Producing |
| geneticist | A specialist in the field of genetics. |
| genetics | The study of how genes are transferred from parents to children, and the role of genes in health and disease |
| dominant gene | a gene, when inherited from either parent will be expressed and the child will inherit the condition. |
| recessive gene | a gene that must be inherited from both parents to be expressed. If inherited from only one parent, it will not be expressed but can be passed onto children. |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | A group of inherited red blood cell disorders that are transmitted via recessive gene. |
| Genome | a complete set of genetic information of an organism. |
| Chromosome | A genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell, and are made up of DNA molecules containing genes. Packaging this info into chromosomes helps a cell keep the large amount of information neat and organized. |
| Somatic Cell | Any cell in the body except for gametes (Sex cells) |
| Gametes | Sex Cells - Ovum or Sperm |
| Somatic | Pertaining to the body |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid - the main component of chromosomes. The material that carries the body's genetic information, found in all cells except red blood cells. |
| Helix | A twisted shape, like a spiral stair case |
| Double Helix | The shape of DNA, two intertwined strands twisting together. |
| Genetic Mutation | A change in the sequence of a DNA molecule. |
| Somatic Cell Mutation | A change within the cells of the body. Can affect an individual , but cannot be transmitted to the next generation. |
| Gametic Cell Mutation | A change within the genes in a gamete (sex cell) that can be transmitted to children. |
| Genetic engineering | The manipulation or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes. |
| Hereditary Disease | AKA Genetic disorder, a pathologically condition caused by an absent or defective gene. |
| Cystic Fibrosis | AKA CF, a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory and digestive systems. |
| Down Syndrome | AKA DS, AKA trisomy 21, a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities. Named after English physician John Langdon Down. |
| Fragile X syndrome | a genetic disorder that causes changes to the MR1 gene that usually makes a protein needed for brain development. Causes developmental delays, learning disabilities, social and behavior problems. |
| Hemophilia | A hereditary / genetic disorder that causes excessive bleeding and spontaneous hemorrhages due to a missing blood-clotting factor. |
| Huntington's Disease | AKA HD, a genetic disorder that is a 50% chance of inheriting a defective gene from the parents. The condition causes nerve degeneration mid-life, and results in uncontrolled movements, the loss of mental abilities, and psychiatric disorders. |
| Marfan Syndrome | A genetic disorder affecting the connective tissue throughout the body, including the heart, eyes, blood vessels, and musculoskeletal system. Patients are tall, slender build, with long arms. |
| Muscular Distrophy | A group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement. |
| Phenylketonuria | AKA PKU, a rare genetic disorder where the digestive enzyme phenlalanine hydroxylase is missing. With dietary supervision, people with PKU can live normal lives. |
| Tissue | A group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform a specific function. |
| Histology | The microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues |
| Histologist | A non-physician specialist who studies the microscopic structure of tissues |
| Four Main Tyles of Tissue | Epithelial Tissues Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nerve Tissue |
| Epithelial Tissue | forms a protective covering for all internal and external surfaces of the body. |
| Epithelium | A specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of the mucous membranes. |
| Endothelium | A specialized epithelial tissue that lines blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs. |
| Four Kinds of Connective Tissue | Dense Connective Tissue, Adipose Tissue, Loose Connective Tissue, and Fluid Connective Tissues |
| Adipose | AKA fat |
| Dense Connective Tissues | Bone and Cartiladge |
| Loose Connective Tissue | Holds organs in place and binds tissue together. |
| Fluid Connective Tissues | Blood and lymph : transports nutrients and waste products through the body. |
| Muscle Tissue | Cells that have the specialized ability to contract and relax. |
| Nerve Tissue | Contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses. |
| Aplasia | Defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue. |
| Aplastic Anemia | When the body is not producing enough new blood cells |
| Dysplasia | The abnormal development or growth of cells or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue. |
| Hyperplasia | An increase of the number of cells in a tissue or organ. For example, the increase of breast tissue during pregnancy |
| Hypertrophy | A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells. |
| Gland | A group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions. |
| Secretion | A substance produced by a gland |
| Exocrine glands | Secrete chemicals into ducts that lead to other organs or out of the body. This includes the salivary, mammary, and sweat glands. |
| Endocrine glands | Produce hormones and do not have ducts. The hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream. |
| adenoids | A mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx |
| adenitis | the inflammation of a gland |
| Mesenteric Adenitis | Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the abdomen. |
| Adenocarcinoma | A malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread. |
| Adenoma | A benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue of a gland or glan-like structure. |
| Polyp | A common adenoma of the colon |
| Benign | Not Life Threatening |
| Adenosis | Any disease or condition of the gland. |
| Organ | A somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function |
| Major Structures of the Skeletal System | Bones, Joints, and Cartilage |
| Major Structures of the Muscular System | Muscles, Fascia, and Tendons |
| Major Structures of the Cardiovascular System | Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood |
| Major Structures of the Lymphatic System | Lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes |
| Major Structures of the Immune System | Tonsils, spleen, thymus, skin, specialized blood cells |
| Major Structures of the Respiratory System | Nose, pharynx, trachea, larynx, and lungs |
| Major Structures of the Digestive System | Mouth, teeth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas. |
| Major Structures of the Urinary System | Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
| Major Structures of the Nervous System | Nerves, Brain, Spinal Cord |
| Major Structures of the Special Sences | Eyes, Ears |
| Major Structures of the Integumentary System | Skin, sebaceous glands, sweat glands |
| Major Structures of the Endocrine System | Adrenal glands, gonads, pancreas, parathyroid, pineal, pituitary, thymus, and thyroid |
| Major Structures of the Reproductive System | Male: Penis and Testicles Female: Ovaries, uterus, and Vagina |
| Pathology | The study of disease AND a condition produced by a disease |
| Pathologist | A physician who specializes in the lab analysis of diseased tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis. |
| Etiology | The study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditios |
| eti- | Prefix: Cause |
| Pathogen | a disease-producing microorganism such as a virus. |
| Transmission | The spread of a disease |
| Contamination | A pathogen is possibly present, often occurring due to lack of proper hygiene standards. |
| Communicable Disease | AKA a contagious disease, any condition that is transmitted from one person to another directly, or indirectly. |
| Direct Transmission | human-to-human transmission in the form of touch or the exchange of bodily fluids |
| Bloodborne transmission | spread of pathogens through infected blood or bodily fluids, where the pathogen must enter the bloodstream to cause infection. EX: HIV, and most STDS |
| Droplet Transmission | The spread of a disease through infected respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing. |
| Indirect Contact Transmission | A pathogen is spread by contaminating a surface, then beign touched by someone new. |
| Airborne Transmission | A pathogen spread via floating particles in the air. A lesser effect after a sneeze (droplet transmission) and after aerosol-generating procedures. |
| aerosol | fine liquid particles suspended in air or another gas |
| Foodborne and waterborne transmission | caused by eating or drinking a contaminated food or drink. AKA fecal-oral transmission |
| Vector-borne transmission | The spread of a disease or pathogen through blood-sucking vectors such as insects (fleas, ticks, etc) |
| Epidemiologist | A specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group. |
| dem/i | Population or Group |
| CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| Vector | Insects (i.e. vector of transmission) |
| Endemic | ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area. For example, the common cold. |
| Epidemic | A sudden and wide-spread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area. |
| Pandemic | An outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide. |
| Organic Disorder | A disorder which produces symptoms that are detectable physical changes in the body |
| Functional Disorder | Produces physical symptoms for which no disease or organic cause can be identified (EX: chronic fatigue). AKA non-organic disorder. |
| iatrogenic illness | An unfavorable response to a prescribed medical treatment. Comes from Greek "Caused by a healer" |
| idiopathic disease | A disease without a known cause |
| idi/o | Root / Combine Form : Peculiar to an individual |
| idiopathic | without a known cause |
| infection disease | An illness caused by a living pathogenic organism such as bacteria or viruses |
| nosocomial infection | a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting. AKA hospital-acquired infection, HAI |
| Syndrome | A set of signs and symptoms that occur together as a part of a specific disease process. |
| Metabolic Syndrome | A common medical condition characterized by risks of developing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Factors include elevated BP, central adiposity, and high insulin levels. |
| Central Adisposity | Excessive fat in the abdomen |
| Congenital Disorder | An abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth. Can be caused by a developmental disorder before birth, prenatal risk factors, premature birth, or injuries during birth. |
| Congenital | Existing at birth. |
| Developmental Disorder | An anomaly or malformation at birth AKA Birth Defect |
| Atresia | The congenital absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage. |
| Prenatal risk factors | The mother's health, mother's behaviors, and prenatal medical care. |
| Premature Birth | Any birth earlier than the 37th Week of Development |
| Birth Injuries | Disorders that occur as a result of trauma during labor or delivery |
| geriatrics | The study of medical problems and care of older people. AKA gerontology. |
| Postmortem | After Death, AKA autopsy |
| HCP | Health Care Proxy, a durable power of attorney for health care decisions. |
| Living Will | Physician's Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment, a document that allows a person to state wishes for end-of-life care in case they cannot communicate it later. |
| DNR | Do Not Resuscitate order, AKA "No Code" , "Allow Natural Death". A legal document stating that a person does not what to receive CPR if their heart or breathing stops. |
| CPR | Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation |
| Allied Health Professions | Roles that include medical staff and roles outside of medicine such as EMTs, medical interpreters, technicians, etc. |
| General Practitioner | GP, family practice physician, going care for patients of all ages. |
| Internist | Physician who specializes in diagnoses diseases/disorders of internal organs |
| Pediatrician | A physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders in infants and children |
| Geriatrician | AKA gerontologist. A physician who specilizes in the care of older people. |
| Nurse Practitioner | NP: A nurse with graduate training who often works as a primary care provider |
| Physician Assistant | PA - A licensed professional who words under the supervision of a physician. |
| Medical Receptionist | Schedules and Registers patents for appointments. May also be a Medical Assistant. |
| Clinical Medical Assistant | performs administrative and clinical tasks in a doctor's office, such as coding medical information and measuring vital signs. |
| Certified Medical Assistant | CMA, Medical assistant certified through the American Association of Medical Assistants. |
| Medical Coder | Reviews medical records for insurance purposes, assigning codes for treatments and services based on universal alphanumeric codes for medical diagnoses. |
| Emergency Room | ER, focuses on diagnosing and treating life-threatening, emergency medical conditions. |
| Emergency Physician | A doctor who specializes in high-acuity medicine in the ER |
| Emergency Medical Technician | EMT. A licensed health care professional who works in a pre-hospital setting in an ambulance or emergency room. |
| Registered Nurse | RN, Licensed professional who can assess patients and provide care following a doctor's orders. |
| Licensed Vocational Nurse | LVN, or LPN (Licensed Practical Nurse) a role only in some states, that can provide basic patient care under the supervision of a doctor or RN |
| Certified Nursing Assistant | CNA - Workings under an RN to provide Care |
| Pharmacist | A licensed medical professional who dispenses prescribed medication to patients. |
| Intensive Care Unit | ICU, also known as the critical care unit, provides continuously monitored care for critically ill patients. Some hospitals have more specialized ICUs for specific kinds of care. |
| Intensivist | A physician specializing in the care of critically ill patients in the ICU |
| Hospitalist | A physician focusing on the general medical care of hospitalized patients. |
| Telemetry | a unit that provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems, not requiring intensive care. |
| A & P | Anatomy and Physiology |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| GP | General Practitioner |
| HD | Huntington's Disease |
| LLQ | Left Lower Quadrant |
| LUQ | Left Upper Quadrant |
| PA | Physicians Assistant |
| RLQ | Right Lower Quadrant |
| RUQ | Right Upper Quadrant |
Created by:
SBezek
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