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4 Categories of Tissue
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Ectoderm (Outer)
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A&P Chapter 5
Saladin 10th Edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 4 Categories of Tissue | -Epithelial -Connective -Nervous -Muscle |
| Ectoderm (Outer) | Gives rise to epidermis & nervous system |
| Endoderm (Inner) | Gives rise to mucous membrane lining, digestive & respiratory tracts, digestive glands |
| Mesoderm (Middle) | -Becomes gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme. -Gives rise to cartilage, bone, blood -Wispy collagen fibers & fibroblast |
| 3 Primary Germ Layers | -Ectoderm -Endoderm -Mesoderm |
| Epithelial | Sheets of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick |
| Basement Membrane (Epithelial Tissues) | Layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue - Collagen, reticular proteins, glycoproteins, other protein-carbohydrate complexes - Anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it |
| Simple Epithelial | - Contain one layer of cell - Names by shape of cells - All cells touch basement membrane |
| Stratified Epithelial | - Contain more than one layer - Named by shape of apical cells - Some cells rest on top of others and do not touch basement membrane |
| Pseudo stratified (Simple Epithelial) | Has goblet cells** - Falsely appears stratified, as some cells are taller than others - Every cell reaches the basement membrane ( but not all cells reach the free surface) |
| Goblet Cells | Wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudo stratified epithelia |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | Function: Secretes serous fluid Location: alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium | Function: Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus Location: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes |
| Stratified Epithelia | Three stratified epithelia are named for the shapes of their apical surface cells -Stratified Squamous (most widespread)** - Stratified Cuboidal - Stratified Columnar (rare)** |
| Two Kinds of Stratified Squamous Epithelia | -Keratinized (Found on skin surface, abrasion resistant) -Nonkeratinized (Lacks surface layer of dead cells) |
| Keratinized (Type of Stratified Squamous Epithelia) | -Functions: Resist abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogenic organisms -Location: epidermis; palms and soles heavily keratonized |
| Non-Keratinized (Type of Stratified Squamous Epithelia) | -Functions: Resist abrasion and penetration of pathogens - Location: tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus and vagina |
| Areolar Tissue | - Function: passageways for nerves and blood vessels - Locations: Underlines epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles |
| Adipose Tissues (Fat) | Tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type (body’s primary energy reservoir |
| Types of Fat (Adipose Tissue) | -Brown: Infants & Children (near generating tissue - color from blood vessels) - White: Adults only- resembles chicken wire, provides thermal insulation, cushion organs such as eyeballs kidneys, contributes to body contours - female breasts and hips |
| Cartilage | No blood vessels, takes long to heal, brings nutrients & removes waste through diffusion |
| 3 Types of Cartilage | -Hyaline Cartilage -Fibrocartilage -Elastic Cartilage |
| Elastic Cartilage | Functions: Provides flexible, elastic support Locations: External ears (curl of ear) and epiglottis |
| Blood | Fluid connective tissues, transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place, plasma (blood’s ground substance) |
| Formed Elements (Blood) | Cells and cell fragments -Erythrocytes (red blood cells (RBC): transports 02 and CO2) -Leukocytes (white blood cells (WBC): defend against infection and disease) -Platelets (cell fragments involved in clotting) |
| Muscular Tissue | Elongated cells that specialized to contract in response to stimulation |
| 3 Types of Muscle | -Skeletal (AKA Voluntary or striated, mostly attached to bone) -Cardiac (limited to the heart) -Smooth (AKA involuntary or non-striated, makes up parts of the walls of hollow organs) |
| Endocrine Glands | Maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct -Surfaces can be external (ex. Sweat, tear glands) or internal (ex. Pancreas, salivary glands), sperm and eggs |
| Exocrine Glands | Have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into blood -Hormones: chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body -Example: thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands` |
| Endocrine and Exocrine Glands | Some organs like liver, gonads (testes & ovaries), and pancreas have both functions |
| Tissue Repair | Damaged tissues can be repaired in two ways -Regeneration -Fibrosis |
| Regeneration (Tissue Repair) | Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before (except for the heart) -Restores normal function -Examples: repair of minor skin or liver injuries |
| Unicellular Glands | Found in epithelium that is predominantly non secretory -can be exocrine or endocrine -Example: mucus secreting goblet cells in trachea or endocrine cells in stomach |
| Exocrine Gland Structures | -Capsule (connective tissue covering of exocrine gland) -Stroma (connective tissue framework of exocrine gland; ex: orange peeled, white stuff) -Parenchyma (cells perform the task of synthesis and secretion |
| Classification of Glands | -Tubular (narrow (street)) -Acinar (diluted sac (cup-de-sac)) -Tubularacinar (sac and street) |
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