| Term | Definition |
| 4 Categories of Tissue | -Epithelial
-Connective
-Nervous
-Muscle |
| Ectoderm (Outer) | Gives rise to epidermis & nervous system |
| Endoderm (Inner) | Gives rise to mucous membrane lining, digestive & respiratory tracts, digestive glands |
| Mesoderm (Middle) | -Becomes gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme.
-Gives rise to cartilage, bone, blood
-Wispy collagen fibers & fibroblast |
| 3 Primary Germ Layers | -Ectoderm
-Endoderm
-Mesoderm |
| Epithelial | Sheets of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick |
| Basement Membrane (Epithelial Tissues) | Layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue
- Collagen, reticular proteins, glycoproteins, other protein-carbohydrate complexes
- Anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it |
| Simple Epithelial | - Contain one layer of cell
- Names by shape of cells
- All cells touch basement membrane |
| Stratified Epithelial | - Contain more than one layer
- Named by shape of apical cells
- Some cells rest on top of others and do not touch basement membrane |
| Pseudo stratified (Simple Epithelial) | Has goblet cells**
- Falsely appears stratified, as some cells are taller than others
- Every cell reaches the basement membrane ( but not all cells reach the free surface) |
| Goblet Cells | Wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudo stratified epithelia |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | Function: Secretes serous fluid
Location: alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium | Function: Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus
Location: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes |
| Stratified Epithelia | Three stratified epithelia are named for the shapes of their apical surface cells
-Stratified Squamous (most widespread)**
- Stratified Cuboidal
- Stratified Columnar (rare)** |
| Two Kinds of Stratified Squamous Epithelia | -Keratinized (Found on skin surface, abrasion resistant)
-Nonkeratinized (Lacks surface layer of dead cells) |
| Keratinized (Type of Stratified Squamous Epithelia) | -Functions: Resist abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogenic organisms
-Location: epidermis; palms and soles heavily keratonized |
| Non-Keratinized (Type of Stratified Squamous Epithelia) | -Functions: Resist abrasion and penetration of pathogens
- Location: tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus and vagina |
| Areolar Tissue | - Function: passageways for nerves and blood vessels
- Locations: Underlines epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles |
| Adipose Tissues (Fat) | Tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type (body’s primary energy reservoir |
| Types of Fat (Adipose Tissue) | -Brown: Infants & Children (near generating tissue - color from blood vessels)
- White: Adults only- resembles chicken wire, provides thermal insulation, cushion organs such as eyeballs kidneys, contributes to body contours - female breasts and hips |
| Cartilage | No blood vessels, takes long to heal, brings nutrients & removes waste through diffusion |
| 3 Types of Cartilage | -Hyaline Cartilage
-Fibrocartilage
-Elastic Cartilage |
| Elastic Cartilage | Functions: Provides flexible, elastic support
Locations: External ears (curl of ear) and epiglottis |
| Blood | Fluid connective tissues, transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place, plasma (blood’s ground substance) |
| Formed Elements (Blood) | Cells and cell fragments
-Erythrocytes (red blood cells (RBC): transports 02 and CO2)
-Leukocytes (white blood cells (WBC): defend against infection and disease)
-Platelets (cell fragments involved in clotting) |
| Muscular Tissue | Elongated cells that specialized to contract in response to stimulation |
| 3 Types of Muscle | -Skeletal (AKA Voluntary or striated, mostly attached to bone)
-Cardiac (limited to the heart)
-Smooth (AKA involuntary or non-striated, makes up parts of the walls of hollow organs) |
| Endocrine Glands | Maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct
-Surfaces can be external (ex. Sweat, tear glands) or internal (ex. Pancreas, salivary glands), sperm and eggs |
| Exocrine Glands | Have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into blood
-Hormones: chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body
-Example: thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands` |
| Endocrine and Exocrine Glands | Some organs like liver, gonads (testes & ovaries), and pancreas have both functions |
| Tissue Repair | Damaged tissues can be repaired in two ways
-Regeneration
-Fibrosis |
| Regeneration (Tissue Repair) | Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before (except for the heart)
-Restores normal function
-Examples: repair of minor skin or liver injuries |
| Unicellular Glands | Found in epithelium that is predominantly non secretory
-can be exocrine or endocrine
-Example: mucus secreting goblet cells in trachea or endocrine cells in stomach |
| Exocrine Gland Structures | -Capsule (connective tissue covering of exocrine gland)
-Stroma (connective tissue framework of exocrine gland; ex: orange peeled, white stuff)
-Parenchyma (cells perform the task of synthesis and secretion |
| Classification of Glands | -Tubular (narrow (street))
-Acinar (diluted sac (cup-de-sac))
-Tubularacinar (sac and street) |
