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MED104
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| gen/o | creation, cause pathogenic |
| hydr/o | water hydrophobia, dehydration |
| morph/o | change morphology |
| myc/o MAI-koh | fungus dermatomycosis |
| necr/o | death necrosis |
| orth/o | straight orthodontist |
| path/o | suffering, disease pathology |
| phag/o | eat aphagia |
| plas/o | formation hyperplasia |
| py/o | pus pyorrhea, pyemia |
| scler/o | hard scleroderma |
| sten/o | narrowing stenosis |
| troph/o | nourishment, development trophology, hypertrophy |
| xen/o | foreign xenograft |
| -ac, -al, -ar, -ary -eal, -ic, -tic, -ous | ALL mean pertaining to |
| -ia | condition pheumonia |
| -ism | condition autism |
| -ium | tissue, structure pericardium |
| -y | condition, procedure hypertrophy |
| -icle, -ole, -ule, -ula | ALL mean small |
| -iatrics -iatry | medical science |
| -iatrist | specialist in medicine of - |
| -ist | specialist |
| -logist | specialist in the study of - |
| -logy | study of - |
| -algia -dynia | pain |
| -cele | hernia |
| -iasis | presence of |
| -emia | blood condition |
| -itis | inflammation |
| -lysis | loosen, break down |
| -malacia | abnormal softening |
| -megaly | enlargement |
| -oid | resembling |
| -oma | tumor |
| -osis | condition |
| -pathy | disease |
| -penia | deficiency |
| -ptosis | drooping |
| -rrhage -rrhagia | excessive flow |
| -rrhea | flow |
| -rrhexis | rupture |
| -spasm | involuntary contraction |
| -centesis | puncture |
| -gram | written record |
| -graph | instrument used to produce a record |
| -graphy | process of recording |
| -meter | instrument used to measure |
| -metry | process of measuring |
| -scope | instrument used to look |
| -scopy | process of looking |
| -desis | binding, fixation |
| -ectomy | removal |
| -pexy | surgical fixation |
| -plasty | reconstruction |
| -rrhaphy | suture |
| -stomy | creation of an opening |
| -tomy | incision |
| a- an- | not |
| anti- contra- | against |
| de- | down, away from |
| ante- pre- | before |
| pro- | before, on behalf of |
| brady- | slow |
| tachy- | fast |
| post- | after |
| re- | again |
| ab- | away |
| ad- | toward |
| circum- peri- | around |
| dia- trans- | through |
| e- ec- ex- | out |
| ecto- exo- extra- | outside |
| en- intra- endo- | in, inside |
| epi- | upon |
| sub- | beneath |
| inter- | between |
| bi- | two |
| hemi- semi- | half |
| hyper- | over |
| hypo- | under |
| macro- | large |
| micro- | small |
| mono- uni- | one |
| oligo- | few |
| pan- | all |
| ploy- multi- | many |
| con- syn- sym- | with, together |
| dys- | bad |
| eu- | good |
| acute | occurs recently, or sharp severe symptoms |
| chronic | a problem that occurs for a while |
| abrupt | occurs suddenly |
| febrile | has a fever |
| afebrile | does not have a fever |
| malaise | not feeling well |
| progressive | worsening of symptoms |
| exacerbation | worsening of a condition |
| symptom | what the patient feels |
| noncontributory | patient’s symptom is not related to the current problem |
| lethargic | a decrease in level of consciousness |
| genetic/hereditary | it runs in the family |
| alert | patient can answer questions; responsive, interactive |
| auscultation | to listen (usually with a stethoscope) |
| oriented | patient knows who they are, where they are, and what time it is (current date and time) |
| percussion | to hit or strike and then listen for the sound; the returned sound indicates the condition of the body |
| palpation | to feel something; how something feels can indicate its condition, be it normal or abnormal |
| unremarkable | normal |
| marked | it stands out |
| impression | another word for assessment |
| diagnosis | using the subjective and objective data to determine the patient’s condition |
| differential diagnosis | based on the subjective and objective data, the health care professional cannot yet determine the diagnosis |
| benign | not cancerous |
| malignant | cancerous |
| degeneration | getting worse |
| etiology | the cause |
| idiopathic | no known cause |
| remission | no longer having the symptoms of a disease; usually used when referring to cancer |
| recurrent | to have again |
| morbidity | risk of being sick or diseased |
| mortality | risk for dying |
| prognosis | chance of getting better or worse |
| localized | one area |
| systemic/generalized | over a large area or body system |
| occult | hidden |
| pathogen | organism that causes the disease |
| lesion | diseased tissue |
| sequelae | result of disease or injury |
| pending | waiting for |
| caudal | tail of head |
| suspine | lying on back |
| prone | lying on belly |
| Anatomical position | a person standing face forward, arms at the side with palms forward. |
| dermatalgia dermatodynia | painful |
| pruritus | an itch |
| urticaria | hives |
| seborrhea | discharge of oil |
| xerosis | condition of dryness |
| macerate | to soften the skin |
| hyperhidrosis | excessive sweating |
| anhidrosis | lack of sweating |
| xanthoderma | condition of yellow skin |
| rhytidermia | wrinkled skin |
| onychophagia | eating or biting the nails |
| hypomelanosis | diminished melanin in the skin |
| cicatrix | latin for scar |
| keloid | overgrown scar tissue |
| verruca | wart |
| onychia | a nail condition |
| onychocryptosis | ingrown nail |
| onycholysis | loss of a nail |
| onychomalacia | abnormal softening of a nail |
| onychopathy | nail disease |
| paronychia | condition of tissue around a nail |
| psoriasis | itchy, red, or scaly skin |
| scleronychia | thickening and hardening of the nails |
| actinic keratosis | horny skin condition due to sun exposure |
| tinea | ringworm |
| dactyl/o | finger |
| chondr/o | cartliage |
| tax/o | arrangement, order, coordination |
| ankyl/o | stiff, bent |
| genu varum | bow-legged |
| genu varum | knock-kneed |
| crepitus | joint makes a crackling sound when bent |
| graphospasm | writer's cramp |
| kyphosis | abnormal forward curvature of the upper spine |
| lordosis | abnormal forward curvature of the lower spine |
| scoliosis | lateral curvature of the spine |
| spondyloarthropathy | joint disease of the vertebrae |
| subluxation | partial dislocation of a joint |
| cervical vertebrae | C1-C7 |
| thoracic vertebrae | T1-T12 |
| lumbar vertebrae | L1-L5 |
| sacral vertebrae | S1-S5 |
| AK | actinic keratosis |
| Bx | biopsy |
| C&S | culture and sensitivity |
| Derm | dermatology |
| ID | intradermal |
| SC, SQ | subcutaneous |
| OA | osteoarthritis |
| RA | rheumatoid arthritis |
| FROM | full range of motion |
| ROM | range of motion |
| DTR | deep tendon reflex |
| EMG | electromyogram |
| NSAID | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| ORIF | open reduction internal fixation |
| PT | physical therapy |
| RICE | rest, ice, compression, elevation |
| WB | weight bearing |
| WBAT | weight bearing as tolerated |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum |
| gnosi/o | knowledge |
| agoraphobia | fear of outdoor spaces |
| kleptomania | desire to steal |
| pyromania | desire to set fires |
| agnosia | inability to comprehend |
| prosopagnosia | inability to recognize faces |
| neurasthenia | nerve weakness |
| cerebr/o encephal/o | brain |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum |
| cephal/o | head |
| gangli/o | nerve bundle |
| myel/o | spinal cord or bone marrow |
| phas/o | speech |
| somn/o, somn/i, hypn/o | sleep |
| gnosi/o | knowledge |
| prognosis | chances for things getting better or worse |
| delirium | brief loss of mental function |
| myoclonus | muscle twitching |
| syncope | fainting; losing consciousness due to temporary loss of blood flow to the brain |
| paresthesia | abnormal sensation (tingling) |
| causalgia | burning pain |
| cerebrospinal fluid | performed via lumbar puncture |
| lumbar puncture (LP) | removal of cerebrospinal fluid from the lumbar area |
| transcranial Doppler sonography | produces image of the brain using sound waves sent through the skull |
| myelogram | x-ray of the spinal cord |
| preictal | before the seizure |
| interictal | during the seizure |
| postictal | after the seizure |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | condition due to the blood vessels of the brain |
| hemorrhagic stroke | stroke due to rupture of blood vessel resulting in blood spilling out into the brain |
| ischemic stroke | stroke where blood loss is caused by a blockage |
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | temporary loss of blood flow to the brain (i.e. “mini stroke”) |
| cerebral aneurysm | abnormal widening of a blood vessel in the brain |
| Glioblastoma | brain tumor from glioblast cells |
| hydrocephaly | excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain |
| encephalomyeloneuropathy | disease of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| encephalopyosis | a pus-filled abscess in the brain |
| myelodysplasia | defective formation of the spinal cord |
| schizophrenia | mental illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech |
| antipsychotic | opposes psychoses |
| anxiolytic | decreases anxiety |
| analgesic | relieves pain |
| craniotomy | incision into a skull bone |
| neurolysis | destruction of nerve tissue |
| neurorrhaphy | suturing of a nerve |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| CSF – cerebrospinal fluid | |
| PNS – peripheral nervous system | |
| MS | multiple sclerosis |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack |
| EEG – electroencephalogram | electroencephalogram |
| EMG | electromyogram |
| ICP | intracranial pressure |
| LOC | level of consciousness |
| MRA | magnetic resonance angiography |
| PET | positron emission tomography |
| ADHD | attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |
| OCD | obsessive compulsive disorder |
| ALS | amytrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease) |
| CP | cerebral palsy |
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident |
| the brain | receives sensory information (sight, sound, smell), processes it, and integrates it into one experience. |
| the eye | protected by the bones and skull |
| ocul/o, ophthalm/o, opt/o | eye |
| lacrim/o dacry/o | tear |
| dacryorrhea | excess tear production |
| -opia -opsia | vision |
| akinetopsia | inability to see moving objects |
| hyperopia | far-sighted |
| blephar/o | eyelid |
| corne/o kerat/o | cornea |
| conjunctiv/o | conjunctiva |
| scler/o | sclera (white of the eye). |
| Choroid layer | lens, iris, and ciliary muscles |
| Retina | deepest layer of the eye contains cells that turn into electric signals (to brain) |
| vitre/o | vitreous humor |
| vitreous liquid | fluid that fills the posterior cavity of the eye |
| cycl/o | ciliary body |
| ir/o irid/o | iris |
| phac/o phak/o | lens |
| the ear(s) | ears turn sound into electrical signals help maintain balance. |
| aur/o ot/o | ear |
| acous/o audi/o | hearing |
| -acusis | hearing condition |
| divisions of the ear | outer (pinna and ear canal), middle (hollow space, 3 tiny bones), and inner(bony outer shell, filled w/fluid surrounding membrane). |
| cerumin/o | earwax |
| salping/o | ear canal |
| tympan/o, myring/o | ear drum |
| vestibul/o | entry way |
| cochle/o | cochlea |
| akinetopsia | inability to see moving objects |
| scotopia | adjustment of the eye to seeing in the darkness |
| amblyopia | decreased vision (i.e. lazy eye) |
| ambiopia, diplopia | double vision |
| blepharoplegia | paralysis of the eyelid |
| xerophthalmia | dry eyes |
| astigmatism | vision problem caused by fact that light rays are not focused on a single point in the back of the eye |
| miosis | abnormal contraction of the pupil |
| mydriasis | abnormal dilation of the pupil |
| scotoma | dark spot in the visual field |
| presbycusis | hearing loss in old age |
| otorrhea | discharge from the ear |
| tinnitus | ringing in the ear |
| vertigo | sensation of moving through space (while stationary) |
| binocular | pertaining to both eyes |
| iridokinesis | movement of the iris |
| blepharedema | swelling of the eyelids |
| blepharoptosis | drooping of the eyelid |
| blepharopyrrhea | discharge of pus from the eyelid |
| ectropion | outward turning of the eyelid, away from the eye |
| entropion | inward turning of the eyelid, toward the eye |
| dacryolith | hard formation (stone) in the tear system |
| exophthalmos | protrusion of the eyes out of the eye sockets |
| nystagmus | involuntary back-and-forth movement of the eyes |
| strabismus | eyes deviate while looking at the same object |
| pterygium | winglike growth of conjunctival tissue extending to the cornea |
| aural | pertaining to the ear |
| otosteal | pertaining to the bones of the ear |
| salpingopharyngeal | pertaining to the eustachian tubes and the throat |
| tympanic perforation | tear or hole in the eardrum (tympanic membrane) |
| divisions of the eye | outer structures(eyelid, tear duct, conjunctiva), outer layer (sclera, cornea), middle(lens, iris, ciliary muscle),inner (retina, optic nerve) |
| dacryostenosis | narrowing of the tear duct |
| trichiasis | condition in which the eye lashes grow into the eye |
| sclerectasia | overexpansion of the cornea |
| corneal abrasion | scratch on the cornea |
| cyclokeratitis | inflammation of the ciliary body and cornea |
| cerumen impaction | buildup of earwax blocking ear canal |
| aerotitis | inflammation of the ear caused by air |
| conductive hearing loss | hearing loss caused by sound not getting to the middle/inner ear (due to blockages) |
| sensorineural hearing loss | hearing loss due to sound not being transmitted from inner ear to the brain |
| mydriatic | drug that causes the abnormal dilation of the pupil |
| intravitreal antibiotics | antibiotics administered directly into the vitreous gel fluid |
| phacoemulsification | fragmentation of an existing lens in order to remove and replace it |
| ceruminolytic | drug that aids in the breakdown of ear wax |
| ear lavage | rinsing/washing of the external ear canal |
| ototoxic | drug that damages the ear; causes deafness |
| HEENT | head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat |
| OD | right eye |
| OS | left eye |
| OU | both eyes |
| PERRLA | pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation |
| IOP | intraocular pressure |
| VA | visual activity |
| VF | visual field |
| ARMD | age-related macular degeneration |
| IOL | intraocular lens |
| LASIK | laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis |
| AD | right ear |
| AS | left ear |
| AU | both ears |
| EENT | eye, ears, nose, throat |
| ENT | ear, nose, throat |
| TM | tympanic membrane |
| AOM | acute otitis media |
| OM | otitis media |
| the endocrine system function | maintain homeostasis |
| aden/o | gland |
| adren/o | adrenal gland |
| pituitar/o hypophsy/o | pituitary gland |
| crin/o | secrete |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone | stimulates the outer part of the adrenal gland |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone | stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the thyroid hormones, T3 and T4 |
| luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone | stimulate the gonads |
| insulin | decreases blood sugar |
| glucagon | increases blood sugar |
| mineralocorticoids | maintain mineral balance |
| testosterone and estrogen | mainly secreted by the gonads, but some secretion does occur from the adrenal cortex |
| euglycemia | normal blood sugar |
| hyperglycemia | higher than normal blood sugar |
| hypoglycemia | lower than normal blood sugar |
| ketonuria | a condition of ketones in the urine a sign of the body using fat as a primary source of energy |
| -tropin | stimulating hormone |
| adrenal virilism | development of male secondary sex characteristics (deep voice, facial hair) due to over-secretion of the adrenal gland |
| adrenarche | onset of adrenal secretion (at puberty) |
| hirsutism | excessive growth of facial and body hair in women |
| amenorrhea | lack of menstruation |
| gynecomastia | breast development in males |
| thelarche | onset of breast development |
| menarche | beginning of menstruation (first menstruation) |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| polyphagia | excessive eating |
| polyuria | excessive urine production |
| galactorrhea | discharge of milk |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) corticotropin | causes the adrenal cortex to release hormones |
| gonadotropin | hormone that stimulates the gonads |
| thyrotropin | hormone that stimulates the thyroid |
| gluconeogenesis | formation of glucose from a noncarbohydrate source |
| glycemic index | ranking of food based on the way it affects sugar levels in the blood |
| dysmetabolic syndrome | faulty metabolism |
| adrenocortical insufficiency | adrenal cortex underproduces its hormone(s) |
| adrenocorticohyperplasia | overdevelopment of the cortex of the adrenal gland |
| congenital adrenal hyperplasia | adrenal gland is overdeveloped; disease is related to a genetic condition |
| pancreatic pseudocyst | abnormally expanded area in the pancreas resembling a cyst |
| pancreatolith | stone in the pancreas |
| pancreatolithiasis | condition which causes formation of stones in the pancreas |
| laparoscopic adrenalectomy | removal of the adrenal gland via laparascopic surgery pancreatectomy – removal of the pancreas |
| continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion | continuous injection of insulin into the blood from a pump inserted under the skin |
| thyroidotoxin | substance poisonous to the thyroid gland |
| GH | growth hormone |
| TSH | thyroid-stimulating hormone (aka, thyrotropin) |
| T3 | triiodothyronine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid) |
| T4 | thyroxine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid) |
| BS | blood sugar |
| CGM | continuous glucose monitor |
| ERCP | endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography |
| FBS | fasting blood sugar |
| GTT | glucose tolerance test |
| HgA1C | hemoglobin A1C test (gives a history of blood sugar levels) |
| TFT | thyroid function test |
| DI | diabetes insipidus |
| DM | diabetes melllitus |
| GDM | gestational diabetes mellitus |
| HRT | hormone replacement therapy |
| blood and lymphatic system | provide valuable services and resources to the body |
| blood | provides energy, carries signals, and removes signals |
| lymphatic system | repairs injuries fights infections |
| types of cells found in the blood | erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), thrombocytes (platelets) |
| proteins dissolved in the blood | Immunoglobulins |
| thromb/o | clot |
| phleb/o, ven/o | vein |
| lymphatic system | collects fluid from the body tissues, collected fluid flows into lymphatic vessels, and empties into veins |
| -penia | deficiency |
| ecchymosis | large bruise |
| hemophilia | condition where blood does not clot, causing excessive bleeding |
| hemorrhage | excessive blood loss |
| petechia | small bruise |
| lymphadenopathy | disease of the lymph gland (node); lymph nodes are visibly swollen; especially seen in the neck |
| lymphedema | swelling caused by abnormal accumulation of lymph, usually in the extremities |
| shape of cells | elliptocyte - red blood cell shaped as an ellipse (oval) spherocyte - circular-shaped red blood cell |
| lymphedema | swelling is due to occluded lymphatic vessels |
| lymphangiogram | record of the study of lymph vessels |
| erythrocytosis | condition of too many erythrocytes |
| oligocythemia | condition of too few erythrocytes (RBCs) |
| anisocytosis | great inequality in the size of RBCs |
| normocyte | normal-sized RBC |
| poikilocytosis | condition of many shaped RBCs |
| embolism | blockage in a blood vessel caused by an embolus |
| embolus | mass of matter in the blood |
| thromboembolism | condition of having a clot that traveled to another location |
| leukocytosis | condition of a large number of white blood cells |
| leukopenia | condition of too few white blood cells |
| phagocytosis | process in which phagocytes (type of WBC) destroy foreign microorganisms or cell debris |
| hematopoiesis | formation of blood cells |
| hemolysis | premature destruction of RBCs |
| myelopoiesis | formation of red bone marrow |
| reticulocyte | immature RBC |
| asplenia | no spleen or no spleen function |
| hepatosplenomegaly | enlarged spleen and liver |
| splenectopy | displaced spleen; i.e. floating spleen |
| splenolysis | breakdown of splenic tissue |
| thymic hyperplasia | overdevelopment of the thymus |
| perfusion | circulation of blood through tissue |
| hematocrit | determines the ratio of RBCs to the total blood volume |
| sphygmomanometer | a device that measures blood pressure. |
| Too few RBCs | anemia |
| Too few WBCs | leukopenia; result is a reduced immune system (immune deficiency) |
| Too many WBCs | leukemia (cancer) |
| Not clotting | coagulopathy |
| Bacterial infection of the blood | septicemia |
| Too much fat in the blood | hyperlipidemia |
| Excess bilirubin in blood | causes skin to appear yellow |
| Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow | osteomyelitis |
| deep vein thrombosis | formation of a clot within a deep vein; usually the leg |
| hypercoagulability | condition in which blood has increased ability to clot |
| immunocompromised | immune system incapable of responding normally and completely |
| autoimmune disease | condition in which the body’s immune system attacks itself |
| phlebarteriectasia | dilation of blood vessels (arteries and veins) |
| bilirubinemia | condition of bilirubin (a byproduct of RBC breakdown) in the blood |
| splenorrhexis | rupture of the spleen |
| myelodysplasia | disease of poor production of blood cells by the bone marrow |
| red blood cell problems | fix the cause if severe, transfusion |
| white blood cell problems | chemotherapy for leukemia if severe, transfusion |
| platelets | prevent clots, break clots, if severe, transfusion |
| treatment for lymphatic system disorders | surgery to remove organs or lymph nodes. |
| thrombolytic | breaks down an existing clot |
| lymphadenectomy | removal of a lymph node |
| lymphadenotomy | incision into a lymph node |
| apheresis | process that draws out a person’s blood, removes something from it, and returns the blood back to the person |
| cytapheresis | apheresis to remove cellular material |
| plasmapheresis | apheresis to remove plasma |
| plateletpheresis | apheresis to remove platelets |
| CBC | complete blood cell count |
| HCT | hematocrit (proportion of erythrocytes to other blood components (plasma and buffy coat)) |
| Hgb | hemoglobin |
| RBC | red blood count |
| WBC | white blood count |
| PLT | platelet count |
| ESR | erythrocyte sedimentation rate (indication of inflammation, but very general test) |
| INR | international normalized ratio (indication of clotting ability; often used when a patient is on anticoagulant therapy) |
| PT | prothrombin time (indication of clotting ability; often used when a patient is on anticoagulant therapy) |
| PTT | partial thromboplastin time (used with PT to evaluate clotting abnormalities, if any) |
| ALL | acute lymphoblastic leukemia |
| AML | acute myeloid leukemia |
| CML | chronic myeloid leukemia |
| DIC | disseminated intravascular coagulopathy |
| HUS | hemolytic uremic syndrome (premature destruction of erythrocytes; erythrocytes damage kidney; may result in kidney failure) |
| ITP | idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (condition of easy bruising) |
| TTP | thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (rare blood disorder; formation of clots in small vessels of the body) |
| IV | intravenous |
| IVIG | intravenous immunoglobulin |
| BMT | bone marrow transplant |
| AIDS | acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (disease that occurs as a result of being infected with HIV) |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
| EBV | Epstein-Barr virus (can lead to mononucleosis) |
| HSM | hepatosplenomegaly |
| LAD | lymphadenopathy |
Created by:
lilsan1800
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