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Years of Crisis & RR
Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nicholas II | Son of Alexander III. Unprepared to be czar. Was oblivious to his citizen's suffering. Attempted to seize territory from Japan& Korea. Was forced to step down from the throne. Was religious & saw it as a sin to abdicate bc it was "against what god wanted" |
| Rasputin | Claimed to have magical healing powers. Made Queen Alexandra weak because she believed he could cure Alex’s hemophilia. Murdered after being poisoned, shot, and eventually drowned. |
| Duma | Russia's first parliament. Leaders were moderators who wanted Russia to become a constitutional monarchy. Czar hesitant to share power dissolved it after 10 weeks. |
| Vladimir Lenin | Major leader of the Bolsheviks. Had an engaging personality & was organized, which helped him gain command. Began establishing a communist society in Russia. Ruthless. |
| Soviet | Local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers. Usually had more influence than the provisional govt. |
| Provisional Government | Updated Duma once Nicholas II is forced to resign. Attacked and disbanded by Red Guards and started civil war. People were unhappy because they didn’t end Russian involvement in war. |
| Bolshevik | Radical Russian Marxists led by Lenin. They supported a small number of committed revolutionaries, willing to sacrifice everything for change. |
| Proletariat | The working class of Russians. Needed to have a revolution to achieve a communist society. |
| Peace, Land, and Bread | Lenin’s slogan which gained him support. Necessary for equality, promised for everyone to profit off land, necessities like food. |
| Russian Civil War | War between Red Army and White Army. The provisional government was attacked and disbanded by the Red Army. |
| Red Guard/Army | The Bolshevik's military. |
| New Economic Policy | Lenin's temporary policy to revive Russia's economy after the civil war. Allowed for private businesses, even though that was not a traditional part of communism. Some parties disagreed and thought it wasn’t full communist. Showed Lenin could compromise. |
| USSR | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
| Josef Stalin | Major leader of the Bolsheviks. Had an engaging personality and was organized, which helped him take command. "Man of Steel". |
| Five-Year Plan | Stalin set targets for industry, transportation, and agriculture. Goal is for rapid industrial growth. To catch up to and exceed developed nations. It was unsuccessful; there were unrealistic quotas that people lied about to “meet” them. |
| Collective Farm | Land controlled by government. The government provided machinery, fertilizer, and seeds for productivity. Short term it was successful with it’s increased output. Long term it caused famine and major food shortages. |
| Kulak | Ukrainian farmers who were against collectivization. Their land was taken away from them |
| Command Economy | An economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government. |
| Great Purge | Stalin's campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened his power. Old Bolsheviks were executed/sent to labor camps. 8-13 mil deaths. |
| Comintern (Communist International) | The foreign policy arm for the Soviet Union. Goal was to aid other communist groups around the world. |
| Totalitarianism | A government that takes total, centralized control over every aspect of public & private life. Leaders appear to provide a sense of security and give direction to the future. Challenges reason, freedom, human dignity, & the worth of the individual. |
| Propaganda | Biased or incomplete information used to sway people to accept certain beliefs/actions. Control of mass media allows this to happen. |
| Maginot Line | A series of fortifications France built along their border near Germany. They were scared of Germany invading. |
| Great Depression | Caused by a stock market crash. Unemployment rates rose as industrial production, prices, and wages declined. A long business slump. Factory production was cut in half. 1/4 of American workers had no jobs. |
| Benito Mussolini | Former socialist and journalist, was an opportunist. Avoided military service and was elected to parliament. Received dictatorship over time and gained the support of the people. |
| Black Shirts | Armed squads of Italian Fascists who served Mussolini. |
| March on Rome (1922) | Fascist volunteers to overthrow the parliament. King makes Mussolini Prime Minister. Gives him more power, he has communists and others arrested. |
| Fascism | A political belief that places the success of a nation over its population. |
| Nazism | A form of fascism in Germany. Focus/obsession with racial "purity". Goal was territorial expansion. Essentially fascism + white supremacy. |
| Weimar Republic | Germany's new democratic government set up in 1919. Had many weaknesses bc the country lacked strong democratic tradition. Several major political parties, but many more minor ones. Germans blamed it for the war defeat & humiliation. |
| Chancellor | The head of the German government. Hitler was appointed as one. |
| Adolf Hitler | Austrian-born, a political leader who wanted to combat Communism. Took power in Germany as chancellor, and eventually became a dictator. Leader of the Nazi party. Hated anyone who wasn't German, especially Jews. |
| Mein Kampf | Hitler's book he wrote in jail. Set forth his beliefs & goals for Germany. Said the Aryans(Germans) were the "master race", and non-Aryans(Jews, Slavs, Gypsies) were inferior. |
| National Socialist Party | Nazi party. |
| Third Reich | The new German Empire under Nazi/Hitler's rule. |
| Hitler Youth | Groups of young children who were indoctrinated into believing the Nazi ideals were just. Made mandatory for all German children by Hitler. |
| Kristallnacht | AKA Night of the Broken Glass. Nazi mobs attacked Jewish homes, stores, and synagogues. Nazis secretly encouraged citizens to do so. |
| Ghetto | Neighborhoods that had a Jewish population were forced to live there. Conditions were bad, not enough space for them to live. |
| Concentration Camp | A place where large numbers of people, especially political prisoners or Jewish citizens, were deliberately imprisoned in a relatively small area with inadequate facilities, sometimes to provide forced labor or to await mass execution. |
| Francisco Franco | Army leaders favoring a fascist-style govt. joined this general in a revolt. This began a civil war in Spain. |
| Hyperinflation | Extremely high rates of inflation. |
| Cubism | Objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstract form. A lot of geometric shapes. |
| Dada | A style of art that is essentially "nonsense". Only rule is that there are no "rules". States that all of our values and traditions are meaningless. |
| Expressionism | A modernist movement to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas. |
| Surrealism | "Beyond reality" or dreamlike. Subjects painted in new and non-traditional ways. |
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