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IAPS
Cultural and Physical Anthropology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define culture | A system of shared beliefs and values, traditions, behaviour, customs and artifacts that humans use to cope with their world, and with each other. It is passed from generation to generation. |
| What is Cultural Anthropology? | The study of cultures worldwide, including past and present cultures. |
| 3 branches of Cultural Anthropology with definitions: | Ethnology: Culture/origins of different races/people Linguistic Anthropology: Language Archaeology: Remains of past cultures. |
| 1st element of a culture | Social Structures: Family, Political, Economic, Legal System |
| 2nd element of a culture | Knowledge & Ethics: Religion, Moral Code, Values and Beliefs |
| 3rd element of a culture (Necessary for economic and social systems to continue) | Material Goods: Clothing, Building materials, Food, Tools |
| 4th element of a culture | Communication (languages): Oral, Written, Symbolic |
| 5th element of a culture | Recreation & Leisure: Sports, crafts, music, dance, arts |
| Ethnocentrism | Measuring or judging one’s own culture against another culture, which can lead to judging their culture negatively. It’s also the belief that one’s own cultural rules are the best and better than another culture’s rules. |
| Example of ethnocentrism | Example: When European settlers came to Canada & forced the Indigenous people to change their lifestyle (language, cultural practices, forced to speak English, etc] |
| Cultural Relativism | The ability to understand a culture on its own terms rather than making judgements based off standards in one’s own culture. |
| Example of cultural relativism | Example: In China, people eat noodles and peaches to celebrate their birthday. In Western culture, people eat cakes. |
| Who promoted the approach of Cultural Relativism? | Frank Boas: He promoted this approach to understanding diversity better without a biased opinion. There is no right or wrong truth, but everything is rather RELATIVE. |
| What are the 3 branches of Linguistic Anthro.? | Sociolinguistics Historical Linguistics Structural Linguistic |
| Sociolinguistics | Studies how social factors impact the way humans use language |
| Theorist(s) of sociolinguistics | Roger Brown & Marguerite Ford: How people address each other can determine the relationship between them. |
| Historical linguistics | The study of the history and how languages have developed over time. Example: English back in Shakespearean times versus present times. |
| What is the Sapir-Worf hypothesis? | Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: The language a person uses determines or influences their thinking or worldview. (everyone sees the world differently based on their language) |
| Structural Linguistics | How sounds are put together to make meaning Example: How meaning is correctly portrayed in sentences. “John loves Mary”, John is loving Mary, not Mary is loving John. |
| Theorist(s) of structural linguistics | Noam Chomsky: Developed theory of universal grammar (all children born with internal universal rules for grammar and applying to their mother tongue) |
| What is cross-communication and give an example: | Refers to how people from different cultures communicate with each other. Example: Using language differently with a teacher versus your friends. |
| Why is it important to know about cross-cultural communication personally and professionally? | It can lead to fostering strong business relationships, social and emotional connections, and a greater appreciation for the diversity around us. |
| What is the function of slang? | It’s used to create a sense of closeness among friends. It’s also a way to express informality, as well as identify members of a group. |
| Body Language | People using signals and gestures to communicate with others from different cultures. (Also how they express themselves) Example: A thumbs up is equal to a middle finger in some cultures. |
| What is archaeology? | The cultural anthropology of the past, and the recovery, documentation and analysis of objects that remain to shed light on human evolution, behaviour and cultural evolution. |
| Why is it important? | It helps us understand how humans lived in the past and understand how the 5 dimensions of culture evolved overtime. It also helps us learn from the past to live a better future. |
| What are examples of archaeology? | Pyramids in Egypt, First Nations teens digging into their ancestors’ past at an archaeological site, Machu Pichu, Peru |
| What are research methods used in archaeology? | Excavation Stratigraphy Dating using Pottery/Ceramics Space Technology Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) |
| What are ethical considerations to keep in mind? | Has permission been given? What role do the researchers’ biases play? (biases meaning preferences, beliefs, etc) Who is telling the story? Are the land + traditions of the community being honoured? |
| What was the point/did you learn from the cookie excavation activity? | Learning basic excavation techniques Carefully brushing + digging without damaging artifact Document location of chocolate chips - crucial due to potential significance. |
| What do Physical anthropologists study? | They study humans as a species, how they’ve evolved to their present form and what makes them unique. |
| 3 branches of Physical Anthropology: | Paleoanthropology Primates Human Variation |
| Paleoanthropology | Study bone and stone remains of ancient ancestors |
| Dart main contribution and significance | Found Taung Child, a young human ancestor's skull. Showed early humans walked upright, challenging previous ideas on how humans evolved. |
| Johanson main contribution and significance | Found fossilized remains of "Lucy" in Ethiopia. Helped scientists learn more about early ancestors and bipedalism. |
| Leakeys main contribution and significance | Finding fossils in East Africa and utilizing radiometric dating to estimate origins. Helps scientists understand human evolution and the origins of humans. |
| What do we learn from ancient stones? | Gives insight into the behaviour of ancient species, and the largest old stones are 2.5 million years old. |
| Primates | Study primates: Our closest relatives in DNA/genes |
| Jane Goodall main contribution and significance | Went to Tanzania to study chimpanzees and gained their trust. Helped us understand the similarities and differences between us and chimpanzees. Also raised awareness to protecting them and their habitats. |
| What are at least 2 differences and 2 similarities between humans and primates? | S: Wage war on each other, making + using tools, and other complex social behaviours. D: Bipedalism, physical ability of speech, complex systems of morality and spirituality |
| What is bepedalism? Why is it important to know what this is? | Ability to walk upright on two legs. It’s important to know what this is because this is what separates humans from other species, and it plays a crucial role in our evolution. |
| How might humans evolve in the future? | 90 degree arm, hunchback, double eyelid, tech neck, small brain |
| Who is Charles Darwin and what theory is he known for? | Believes every living thing evolves through natural selection. |
| What does the theory of natural selection believe? (3 principles) | Variation: every species has variation in it Heritability: Ppl pass on traits to their offspring Environmental fitness: Individuals who are better adapted to their environment will produce more of their offspring + pass it on to the next generation |
| Race is a sociological concept, not a biological concept. Do you agree or disagree? | Race is a sociological idea because it's about how societies group people based on how they look or their culture. This affects the way how people treat each other. |
Created by:
aylacies
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