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KIN1 Vocabulary
Trail Guide to Movement
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| accessory movement | the joint movement not actively generated by a client, but passively produced by a practitioner |
| active insufficiency | the point at which a multi-joint muscle reaches a shortened position so that it can no longer apply an effective force |
| active range of motion | in manual therapy, the degree of movement that can be produced by a client using her own strength and volition |
| active restraint | contractile tissues that stabilize a joint |
| agonist | the muscle (or muscle group) that contracts to produce a main action |
| amphiarthrotic joint | a joint that allows a limited amount of movement |
| anatomical position | erect posture with face forward, arms at sides, forearms supinated (so that palms of the hands face forward), and fingers and thumbs in extension |
| antagonist | any muscle that executes the opposite action of the agonist; during the main action, it lengthens |
| aponeurosis | a broad, flat tendon that attaches to the end of a muscle |
| appendicular skeleton | the portion of the skeleton composed of the arms and legs, pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles), and pelvic girdle (hips) |
| arthrokinematic motion | the small, generally unseen movements occuring between the articulating surfaces of joints |
| articular disc | a ring-shaped piece of fibrocartilage found in many joints of your body, including the temporomandibular and sternoclavicular joints |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness and controlling visceral functions |
| axial skeleton | the skeleton’s center including the cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid bone |
| axis | a line that runs perpendicular to a plane and is the pivot point around which motion occurs |
| axon | a long projection of a nerve cell that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body |
| balance | the even distribution of weight |
| ball-and-socket joint | a triaxial synovial joint where a spherical surface of one bone fits into the dish-shaped depression of another bone |
| base of support (BOS) | the part of your body (often your feet) that is in contact with the ground, floor, or other supportive surface |
| brain | the center of the nervous system that functions to coordinate sensation, intellect, and nerve activity |
| bursa | a small, fluid-filled sack that reduces friction between two structures |
| cadence | the number of steps taken per minute |
| cardinal planes | the three major planes that intersect at the center of the body |
| cartilaginous joint | an amphiarthrotic joint that allows more movement between bones than a fibrous joint, but less than a synovial joint |
| cell | the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms |
| center of gravity (COG) | your body’s balance point, located just anterior to the level of your second sacral vertebrae at the midline of the body |
| central nervous system (CNS) | the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the body |
| close-packed position | when a joint’s surfaces have the greatest amount of contact, and the ligaments and joint capsule are taut |
| collagen fiber | a group of naturally occurring proteins found in animals, especially in the flesh and connective tissues of vertebrates |
| colloidal | a property whereby a material is composed of solid particles suspended in fluid |
| compact bone | one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones |
| concentric contraction | a muscle contraction whereby the length of a muscle decreases |
| concurrent forces | when two or more forces connect at a common point but pull in divergent directions |
| contractility | muscle tissue’s ability to shorten and develop tension when stimulated |
| contraction cycle | the rhythm of molecular activity within a muscle that produces muscular contraction |
| coordination | the organization of different elements |
| cranial nerve | a nerve that emerges directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord |
| creep | a gradual change in shape that occurs when tissues are subjected to a slow, continuous force from either compression, tension, or twisting |
| degrees of freedom | the number of planes of movement allowed at a joint |
| dendrite | a branched extension of a neuron that acts to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells |
| diarthrotic joint | a freely moveable, synovial joint dynamics |
| eccentric contraction | a muscle contraction whereby the length of a muscle increases effort arm |
| elastic | the capacity to recoil or rebound to an original length (or shape) after being stretched (or deformed) |
| elastic cartilage | a type of cartilage present in the outer ear, eustachian tube, and epiglottis |
| elasticity | a muscle’s ability to return to its original length and shape after it is shortened or lengthened |
| elastin fiber | a protein in connective tissue that is elastic and allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting |
| ellipsoid joint | a biaxial synovial joint that consists of the oval-shaped end of one bone articulating with the elliptical basin of another bone |
| end-feel | the palpable quality of restriction that an articulation comes to upon reaching its mobile limit |
| endomysium | a thin layer of connective tissue that ensheaths each individual muscle fiber |
| endoneurium | a layer of connective tissue made up of endoneurial cells that encloses the myelin sheath of a spinal cord nerve fiber |
| epimysium | a layer of connective tissue which ensheaths the entire muscle and is composed of dense irregular connective tissue |
| epineurium | the outermost layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve |
| excitability | muscle tissue’s capacity to respond to stimuli excursion |
| extensibility | muscle tissue’s capacity to stretch without being damaged |
| extracellular matrix | the part of animal tissue that usually provides structural support to the animal cells in addition to performing various other important functions |
| extrafusal muscle fiber | a term for a typical muscle fiber, versus intrafusal muscle fiber; it generates tension by contracting, creating skeletal movement |
| fascial adhesion | excessive connective tissue that can affix one tissue to another and limit range of motion |
| fascial tissue | the body’s sheets, cables, conduits, and paddings, composed of loose or dense connective tissue |
| fascicle | a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, a type of connective tissue |
| fibroblast | a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen |
| fibrocartilage | a mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in various proportions |
| fibrous joint | an articulation that has no synovial cavity and is bound together by dense fibrous connective tissue |
| flexor withdrawal reflex | a spinal reflex intended to protect the body from damaging stimuli |
| foot flat | a phase of the gait cycle when the entire foot is on the ground |
| force | any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change |
| force couple | when two or more muscles have lines of pull in different linear directions yet create the same axial joint motion |
| forward head posture | chronic protraction of the cranium, placing stress on the cervical joints and surrounding tissue |
| friction | a force that resists the relative motion of two surfaces |
| frontal axis | an axis that passes anterior to posterior through the body |
| frontal (coronal) plane | any vertical plane that divides the body or its parts into anterior and posterior sections gait |
| gait cycle | also called stride, the activity that happens between the time one foot touches the ground and the time the same foot touches the ground again |
| genu valgum | also known as “knock-knee,” an alignment of the lower extremity whereby the distal segment (the ankles) is positioned more laterally than normal |
| genu varum | also known as “bowlegged,” an alignment of the lower extremity in which the distal segment (the ankles) is positioned more medially than normal |
| glide | when one joint surface slides across the surface of another, like a tire skidding to a stop |
| gliding joint | a type of uniaxial synovial joint situated between two flat articular surfaces |
| Golgi tendon organ | a type of proprioceptor that detects and responds to changes in muscle tension |
| gomphosis | a joint that binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillary bone and mandible |
| gravity | the force that attracts a body toward the center of the earth |
| ground substance | an amorphous gel-like substance surrounding cells; formed by the nonfibrous components of the extracellular matrix |
| heel-off | a phase of the gait cycle when the heel rises off the floor |
| heel strike | a phase of the gait cycle when the heel comes into contact with the ground |
| hinge joint | a type of uniaxial joint that allows movement around one axis (and within one plane) |
| hyaline cartilage | also known as articular cartilage, a type of cartilage found on many joint surfaces |
| hypermobility | an excess range of joint motion |
| hyperpronation | also known as “flatfoot” or a “dropped arch,” when the arch of the foot collapses, with the sole of the foot coming into contact with the ground |
| hypomobility | a restricted range of joint mobility |
| inertia | an object’s resistance to a change in its state of motion or rest |
| interneuron | a neuron that forms a connection between other neurons |
| interosseous membrane | a broad and thin plane of fibrous tissue that separates two bones |
| intrafusal fiber | a skeletal muscle fiber that composes the muscle spindle; a type of proprioceptor that detects the amount and rate of length change in a muscle |
| isometric | a muscle contraction that involves no change in a muscle length |
| isotonic | a muscle contraction that involves a change in a muscle’s length |
| joint capsule | the envelope surrounding a synovial joint |
| joint mobility | the range of motion a joint can move through without limitation |
| kinematics | the analysis of movement in terms of mechanical elements |
| kinesiology | the study of movement kinetic chain |
| kinetics | the study of forces that act on the body to generate or alter motion |
| kyphotic curve | a posterior curve of the spine found in the thoracic and sacral regions |
| labrum | a ring of cartilage that surrounds the acetabulum of the hip and glenoid fossa of the shoulder |
| Law of Acceleration | the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass |
| Law of Action-Reaction | for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| Law of Inertia | an object at rest tends to stay at rest, while an object in motion tends to stay in motion |
| lever | a simple machine that can amplify an applied force (effort) by converting it into torque |
| leverage | the mechanical advantage of a force to move an object |
| ligament | a band of connective tissue that connects bones together |
| linear force | when all forces occur along the same line of pull line of pull |
| lordotic curve | an anterior curve of the spine located in the cervical and lumbar regions |
| macrophage | a large cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell mass |
| midstance | a phase of the gait cycle when your body passes over your weight-bearing foot |
| M-line | the line at the sarcomere’s middle mobility |
| moment arm | the perpendicular distance between the muscle’s line of pull and the axis of rotation momentum |
| motor (efferent) neurons | neurons located in the central nervous system that project their axons outside the central nervous system to directly or indirectly control muscles |
| motor unit | a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates |
| muscle belly | the portion of a muscle (or myofascial unit) located between the tendons |
| muscle fiber | a muscle cell |
| muscle spindle cell | a type of proprioceptor that monitors the stretch of a muscle and its rate of change in length |
| muscle tone | the small quantity of tension found in a muscle generated by weak, involuntary contractions |
| myelin | an electrically insulating material that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, around the axon of a neuron |
| myofascial core | composed of several deep muscle bellies and their surrounding fascial components |
| myofascial unit | the combined muscular and fascial elements that compose a muscle belly and its tendons |
| myofibril | a basic, rodlike unit of a muscle that contains myofilaments |
| myofilament | the filaments of myofibrils constructed from proteins |
| myosin | a contractile protein inside a muscle fiber that makes up the thick filament |
| nerve | an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (the long, slender projections of neurons) in the peripheral nervous system |
| nerve plexus | a group of intersecting nerves |
| nervous system | the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body |
| neutral equilibrium | an object’s center of gravity is neither raised nor lower when disturbed |
| neutralizer | any muscle that contracts to restrain an agonist’s secondary movements during the main action |
| normal resting length | a muscle’s length when it is unstimulated, with no forces acting upon it |
| oblique axis | an axis that passes perpendicularly through an oblique plane |
| oblique plane | any plane that combines two or three cardinal planes |
| open-packed position | when a joint’s surfaces have the least amount of contact, the ligaments are lax, and the joint cavity contains the greatest volume of fluid |
| organ | a structure composed of two or more kinds of tissue with a specific function |
| osteoblast | a cell responsible for bone formation osteoclast |
| osteocyte | a cell commonly found in mature bone that is actively involved in the routine turnover of bony matrix |
| osteokinematic motion | the movement of bones around joint axes |
| Pacinian corpuscle | a type of proprioceptor that detects quick changes in pressure around joint capsules |
| parallel forces | forces that act on the same plane and are parallel to each other |
| parallel muscle | a muscle comprising relatively long muscle fibers with none spanning the muscle’s full length |
| parasympathetic nervous system | one of three main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, it is responsible for stimulation of “rest and digest” response |
| passive insufficiency | shortness of a multi-joint muscle where the length of the muscle is not sufficient to permit normal elongation over both joints |
| passive range of motion | in manual therapy, the distance your client’s joint can be passively mobilized by the practitioner |
| passive restraint | noncontractile tissues that stabilize a joint |
| pennate muscle | a muscle with fibers running at an oblique angle to its central tendon |
| perimysium | a sheath of connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into a bundle (a fascicle) |
| perineurium | the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle (fascicle) of nerve fibers within a nerve |
| periosteum | a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the part of the nervous system consisting of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord |
| phasic muscle | any muscle that performs movement through joint movement |
| physiological movement | the distance a person can actively move an articulation |
| piezoelectric effect | the production of electricity or electric polarity by applying a mechanical stress to certain crystals |
| pivot joint | a type of synovial joint that functions by having the surface of one bone spin within the ring-shaped surface of another bone |
| plane | a flat, imaginary, two-dimensional surface in space |
| plasticity | the capacity to be altered and retain that new configuration |
| post-isometric relaxation (PIR) | a physiological principle that a muscle will relax after being contracted; also a term for a muscle energy technique whereby a muscle is engaged and then relaxed to bring forth a post-isometric relaxation response |
| postural muscle | any muscle that functions to provide postural support and joint mobilization |
| posture | the position of your body parts in relation to each other |
| primary distortion | a problem that occurs in a specific area of the body |
| proportion | corresponding in size to something else |
| plane | a flat, imaginary, two-dimensional surface in space |
| plasticity | the capacity to be altered and retain that new configuration |
| post-isometric relaxation (PIR) | a physiological principle that a muscle will relax after being contracted; also a term for a muscle energy technique whereby a muscle is engaged and then relaxed to bring forth a post-isometric relaxation response |
| postural muscle | any muscle that functions to provide postural support and joint mobilization |
| posture | the position of your body parts in relation to each other |
| primary distortion | a problem that occurs in a specific area of the body |
| proportion | corresponding in size to something else |
| resultant force | the net result of two or more different forces |
| reticular fiber | a type of fiber in connective tissue composed of collagen secreted by reticular cells |
| retinaculum | a bandage-like strip of connective tissue often used to stabilize tendons |
| reverse muscle action | when the traditionally fixed and mobile ends of a muscle switch roles; the (usually fixed) origin moves toward the insertion while the (usually mobile) insertion remains stationary |
| righting reflex | a reflex that corrects the orientation of the body when it is taken out of its normal upright position |
| roll | when one joint surface rolls along another, like a tire going down a road |
| rotary motion | when a part of your body moves around a fixed point (or axis) |
| Ruffini’s end organs | a type of proprioceptor that detects slow changes in the position of a joint |
| saddle joint | a modified ellipsoid joint composed of convex and concave articulating surfaces that affords back-and-forth, as well as side-to-side, motion |
| sagittal axis | an axis that runs medial to lateral through the body |
| sagittal plane | any vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections |
| sarcolemma | the cell membrane of a skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle cell |
| sarcomere | the basic unit of a muscle |
| sarcoplasm | a gel-like substance that surrounds a muscle fiber’s components |
| stretch weakness | chronic weakness that develops in a muscle as a consequence of being held in a continually lengthened state |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | an elaborate system of fluid-filled ducts that deliver calcium ions to trigger contractions |
| scoliosis | an abnormal, lateral curvature of the spine |
| secondary distortion | a problem caused by an imbalance in another part of the body |
| sensory neuron | a neuron responsible for converting various external stimuli into corresponding internal stimuli |
| septum | aponeurotic sheets that separate various muscles of the extremities |
| skeletal muscle tissue | a form of striated muscle tissue that is under the control of the somatic nervous system |
| sliding filament mechanism | the process by which the myosin heads at both ends of the thick filament attach to actin and progressively pull the thin filaments toward the M-line (the middle of the sarcomere) |
| somatic motor neurons | neurons that stimulate the muscle tissue to contract |
| somatic nervous system (SNS) | the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles |
| spin | when one joint surface rotates over the fixed surface of another, like a tire spinning in place |
| spinal cord | a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain |
| spinal nerve | a nerve that emerges from your vertebral column |
| spongy bone | one of two types of osseous tissue that form bones |
| sprain | most commonly refers to a stretch or tear (or both) of a ligament or other noncontractile connective tissue |
| stability | the ability to be firmly fixed or supported |
| stable equilibrium | an object’s center of gravity is in its lowest position |
| stance phase | the phase of gait when the foot is in contact with the ground statics |
| strain | an injury involving the stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon |
| stretch | the ability to lengthen without being damaged or injured |
| stretch weakness | chronic weakness that develops in a muscle as a consequence of being held in a continually lengthened state |
| stride | the events between the time one foot touches the ground and the time it touches the ground again |
| stride length | the distance you travel during the gait cycle—between your two left heel strikes |
| superficial fascia | a layer of loose areolar connective tissue and adipose found in the subcutaneous layer in virtually all regions of the body |
| supporter | any muscle that supports another part of the body in position while the main action occurs |
| suture | a fibrous joint formed by a thin layer of dense connective tissue |
| swing phase | the phase of gait when the foot loses contact with the ground and the lower limb swings |
| symmetrical | composed of exactly similar parts facing each other symphysis |
| synapse | a junction found between any two neurons or a neuron and an end organ like a muscle or gland synarthrotic joint |
| synchondrosis | a union between two bones, formed either by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage syndesmosis |
| synergist | any muscle that assists the agonist in producing the main action |
| synovial fluid | a viscous fluid that fills the space in freely movable joints |
| synovial joint | a joint containing a lubricating substance (synovial fluid) and lined with a synovial membrane or capsule synovial membrane |
| tendon | a fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone |
| tensile strength | the ability to be pulled in two different directions without damage |
| thixotropic | a quality that responds to changes in temperature (or other disturbances such as pressure) by transforming from a gel to a liquid and vice versa |
| toe-off | signals the end of the propulsion and stance phases of the gait cycle |
| torque | a force that involves rotation of an object about (around) an axis |
| transverse (horizontal) plane | any horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections |
| unstable equilibrium | an object’s stability is easily disturbed by a small force |
| vector | a force with direction and magnitude velocity |
| vertical axis | an axis that runs superior to inferior through the body |
| wave summation | when the strength of a contraction is determined by the pace of nerve signals firing through a motor unit |
| Wolff’s Law | states that bone tissue, when put under stress, will thicken and form a stronger, osseous matrix |
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