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WHAG-21b
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| national debt | weakened France at the end of Louis XIV's reign |
| Thirty Years' War | started in 1618; struggle between centralized imperial power versus local power |
| Bohemia | now called the Czech Republic |
| defenestration | to throw somebody out a window |
| Prague | city in which imperial tax officials were defenestrated in 1618 |
| Ferdinand II | Holy Roman Emperor in 1618 |
| Hapsburg | dynasty of Ferdinand II, ruling central Europe |
| Gustavus Adolphus | King of Sweden, ally of France, fights against Hapsburgs |
| Austria | becomes stronger under Hapsburg leadership in 1600's and 1700's |
| Maria Theresa | Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Austria |
| War of the Austrian Succession | first war between Fredrick the Great and Maria Theresa, starts in 1740 |
| The Seven Years' War | second war between Fredrick the Great and Maria Theresa, starts in 1756 |
| Ivan the Terrible | First Russian Czar, starts to rule in 1533, organizes powerful government |
| Romanov Dynasty | rules Russia from 1613 to 1917 |
| St. Petersburg | new city planned by Peter the Great |
| Charles I | unpopular English king, executed by Cromwell in 1649 |
| English Civil War | starts in 1642; Cromwell becomes ruler |
| Charles II | becomes king in 1659, after Cromwell dies |
| Puritans | during Cromwell's era, they were more moral but not very religious |
| habeas corpus | people can be imprisoned only for valid legal reasons |
| James II | unpopular English king; flees to France in 1688 |
| English Bill of Rights | limits monarch's power starting in 1689 |