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special senses
descriptions and definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Primary Function of the special senses | Receptor organs for the sense of sight |
| Conjunctiva | clear membrane that lines the anterior eyeball and eyelids |
| Sclera | white part of the eye that maintains the eye shape and protects the inner tissues |
| Cornea | transparent layer over the iris & pupil |
| Choroid | blood-rich layer under the sclera |
| Pupil | black circular opening that allows light in |
| Iris | colored muscular layer that surrounds the pupil |
| Ciliary body | muscles and ligaments that adjust the eye shape for focusing on objects |
| Aqueous humor | anterior chamber fluid that gives the eyeball shape & provides nutrients to lens and cornea |
| Fovea Centralis | area of sharpest visual acuity |
| Lacrimal Apparatus | tear apparatus |
| Lacrimal glands | secrete tears |
| Ciliary glands | tiny sweat glands that secrete a protective lubricant onto the eyeball |
| Lacrimal canaliculi | ducts on the inner corner of the eyes that collect tears and drain them |
| Lacrimal sac | (tear sac) stores tears before they are drained by the lacrimal duct |
| Lacrimal duct | passageway that drains tears into the nose |
| Vitreous Humor | clear gel-like fluid in posterior chamber of the eyeball that keeps retina in place |
| Retina | thin layer of tissue in posterior eye that converts light to neural signals as vision |
| Photoreceptors | light sensitive cells that receive images and convert them to nerve impulses |
| Rods | allow us to see in dim vision (black & white receptors) |
| Cones | color receptors |
| Macula | area with large amount of cones for high acuity vision |
| Optic Nerve | (2nd cranial nerve): transports impulses from retina to brain |
| Optic disk | blind spot |
| Primary Functions of the Ear | receptor organs for the sense of hearing,; help to maintain balance |
| Functions of the three areas of the ear | Outer (External): - hearing • Middle (Tympanic Cavity): hearing • Inner (Internal): hearing and equilibrium |
| Primary Function of the Outer Ear | Transmits sound waves to the middle ear |
| Primary Structures | – Auricle (Pinna): shell-shaped structure of outer ear – Auditory Canal (External acoustic meatus): canal that leads to tympanic membrane – Cerumen: earwax |
| Auditory Ossicles | 3 small bones in the tympanic cavity • Malleus (hammer) • Incus (anvil) • Stapes (stirrup) *These bones together transmit vibrations of the eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear |
| Tympanic membrane | (eardrum)transmits sound via waves of vibration |
| Eustachian Tubes | (auditory tube) that equalizes pressure |
| Labrinth | contains structures that control balance |
| Vestibulocochlear nerve | auditory nerve |
| Coclea | snail like structure that contains fluids that carry sound vibrations |
| Olfactory Nerve | first cranial nerve |
| Olfactory Receptor Cells | react to odors |
| Tongue Functions | deglutition, gustatory sense (taste), & mastication |
| Papillae | raised areas that contain taste buds |
| Taste buds | tiny areas that distinguish different tastes |
| How many taste buds are you born with? | 10,000 |
| Skin | sense of touch, pain, pressure, & temperature |
| Touch receptors | epidermis |
| Pressure receptors | deeper in dermis |
| Pain receptors | located beneath epidermis near hair follicles |
| Skin on hands, lips, and fingertips are the MOST sensitive areas | fact |
| Astigmatism | abnormal curvature of the cornea |
| Hyperopia | farsightedness (up close images appear blurry) |
| Myopia | (nearsightedness) distant images appear blurry |
| Presbyopia | farsightedness caused by decreased elasticity in the lens from aging |
| Conductive deafness | inadequate sound-wave conduction |
| Nerve deafness | results from damage to cochlea or auditory nerve (sensorineural hearing loss) |
| Impacted Cerumen | heavy accumulation of earwax that could lead to infection or hearing loss |
| Meniere’s Disease | inner ear disturbance causing dizziness and spinning (vertigo) |
| Tinnitus | ringing in the ears |
| Ishihara Color Vision Test | detects color blindness |
| Visual Acuity Test | uses a Snellen chart to detect myopia and hyperopia |
| Visual Field Test | measurement of what can be seen in a certain area when eyes are looking straight ahead without moving head |
| Audiometry | testing to measure the ability to hear different sounds (process of measuring hearing |
| LASIK | (laser in situ keratotomy) uses UV laser to correct refractive conditions |
| Enucleation | surgical removal of eyeball |
| Phacoemulsification | lens is broken up with ultrasonic vibrations then suctioned out (usually due to cataracts and to prepare for an artificial lens) |
| Precision Nerve Exams | tests for 5 different responses to evaluate the nervous system for a disorder |
| Extinction | touch of different areas and patient has to identify sites with eyes closed |
| Graphesthesia | pt must identify letter/number written on hand (eyes closed) |
| Pain & light-touch sensation | identifying sharp or dull objects placed upon skin while eyes closed lying supine |
| Position sense | identify if big toe moved up or down |
| Stereognosis | pt has to identify object placed in hand with eyes closed |
Created by:
SiriP
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