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WH - Unit 5

Church and Society in Western Europe

TermDefinition
Clergy a body of officials who perform religious services, such as priests, ministers, or rabbis.
Sacrament one of the Christian ceremonies in which God’s grace is transmitted to people.
Canon Law the body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian church.
Holy Roman Empire an empire established in Europe in the 10th century AD, originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy.
Lay Investiture the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles
Simony the selling or buying of a position in a Christian church
Urban II Roman Catholic pope from 1088 to 1099; he called on Christians to launch the First Crusade
Crusade one of the expeditions in which medieval Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims
Saladin Muslim sultan and hero; he campaigned to drive the Christians from the Holy Land. He stopped an army of crusaders under Richard the Lion-Hearted of England
Richard the Lion-Hearted King of England from 1189 to 1199; he fought in the Holy Land against Saladin during the Third Crusade. He eventually ceased fighting and returned to England
Three-Field System a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farmland was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted
Guild a medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members’ wages and prices
Commercial Revolution the expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries
Burgher a medieval merchant-class town dweller
Thomas Aquinas Italian philosopher and theologian; he argued that rational thought could be used to support Roman Catholic belief
William the Conqueror King of England from 1060 to 1087; he was a powerful French noble who conquered England and brought feudalism to England
Henry II King of England from 1154 to 1189; he strengthened the royal courts and introduced the use of the jury. His marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine gained him a large territory in France
Common Law a unified body of law formed from rulings of England’s royal judges that serves as the basis for law in many English-speaking countries today, including the United States
Magna Carta a document, written by English nobles, as a way to present their demands to the king. It was a contract between the king and nobles of England
Parliament a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation.
Estates-General an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France
Created by: baldtayl
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