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Chap 5
Human Anatomy & Physiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | structural composition |
| Physiology | functional |
| anatomic postion | is standing erect, with feet parallel, arms at the sides and eyes and palms facing forward |
| supine | pt is lying horizontal on the back with the face up |
| prone | pt is lying face down |
| body plane | is a flat surface resulting from a real or imaginary cut through a body in the normal anatomic position |
| frontal plane | divides the body vertically into front and back |
| midsagittal plane | divides the body vertically into equal right and left |
| sagittal plane | divides the body vertically into right and left portions |
| transverse plane | divides the body horizontally into upper and lower portions |
| body cavities | various organs of the body are housed in large, hollow spaces |
| dorsal cavities | are located in the back of the body, include cranial and spinal cavity |
| cranial cavity | houses the brain |
| spinal cavity | encases the spinal cord |
| ventral cavities | are located in the front of the body includes thoracic, abdominal and pelvic |
| thoracic cavity | houses heart and lungs |
| abdominal cavity | houses stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys |
| pelvic cavity | urinary bladder & reproductive organs |
| diaphragm | is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| homeostasis | means a steady or balanced state |
| metabolism | is the sum of all the physical and chemical reactions necessary to sustain life |
| catabolism | is the destructive process by which complex substances are broken down into simple substances, usually releases energy |
| anabolism | is a constructive process by which the body converts simple compounds into complex substances needed to carry out the cellular activities of the body |
| cell | is the basic structural unit of all life |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| nucleus | the command center of the cell because is contains the chromosomes that govern all cell activities |
| human genome | a complete set of DNA containing all the genes of the 23 pairs of chromosomes |
| connective tissue | supports and connects all parts of the body & includes adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage, bone and blood |
| Epithelial tissue | covers and protects the body and lines organs, vessels, and cavities |
| muscle tissue | contracts to produce movement |
| nerve tissue | transmits electrical impulses |
| organs | are structures composed of tissue that function together for a common purpose |
| body systems | are structures and organs that are related to one another and function together |
| Integument | means covering or skin |
| the skin | the largest organ of the body, is the cover that protects the body from bacterial invasion, dehydration, and the harmful rays of the sun |
| exocrine glands | oil and sweat glands |
| integumentary system | includes skin, appendages, exocrine glands, hair and nails. Also includes blood vessels, nerves, and sensory organs |
| epidermis | is the outermost and thinnest layer of the skin |
| avascular | means it contains no blood or lymph vessels |
| dermis | is the inner layer of the skin, much thicker than the epidermis |
| papillae | means elevated |
| subcutaneous layer | beneath the skin, is composed of connective and adipose tissue that connects the skin to the surface muscles |
| muscular system | is composed of all the muscles of the body and is responsible for nearly half the normal weight of the body |
| skeletal system | is composed of all the bones and joints of the body, including cartilage and ligaments that connect them |
| hemopoiesis / hematopoiesis | the production of blood cells, which normally occurs in the bone marrow |
| how many bones in the body | 206 |
| bones | are a special type of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| synovial fluid | colorless liquid |
| bursa | small sac in joints that is filled with synovial fluid |
| joint | is the junction or union between two or more bones |
| nervous system | is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and all the nerves throughout the body |
| neurons | are highly complex cells capable of conducting messages in the form of impulses that enable the body to interact with its internal and external environment |
| dendrites | unique threadlike fibers, carry messages to the nerve cell body |
| axons | carry messages away from nerve cell body |
| meninges | 3 layers of connective tissue |
| lumbar puncture (spinal tap) | enter the cavity and obtain a CSF sample |
| Peripheral nervous system | consists of all the nerves that connect the CNS to every part of the body |
| endocrine system | is composed of glands and hormones that help regulate the metabolic activity of the body |
| endocrine glands | a group of ductless glands that secrete substances called hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| hormones | are powerful chemical substances that have a profound effect on many body processes such as metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, personality, and the ability of the body to react to stress and resist disease |
| pituitary gland | is often called the master gland of the system because it secretes hormones that stimulate the other glands |
| erythopoietin (EPO) | a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production when oxygen levels are low |
| hypersecretion | secreting too much |
| hyposecretion | secreting too little |
| digestive system | is the system of organs that is responsible for ingesting, digesting and absorbing food, and then discharging waste from these processes from the body |
| gastronintestinal tract | a continuous passageway from the mouth to the anus through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines |
| peristalsis | wavelike contractions of intestinal muscles, helps move food through the system |
| reproductive system | is composed of all the organs in males and females that work together to produce a new human being |
| urinary system | is composed of all the organs involved in producing, collection, and eliminating urine. 2 kidneys, 2 ureters and urinary bladder and urethra |
| erythropoietin (EPO) | a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, and the enzyme renin, which plays a role in regulating blood pressure |
| nephron | the basic working unit of the kidney |
| glomerulus | a tuft of capillaries that blood travels through a nephron, water and dissolved substances including wastes are filtered through it |
| respiratory system | consists of the organs and structures that allow an individual to breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide |
| external respiration | occurs as a person breathes in and air travels to the lings where O2 from the air enters the bloodstream in the lungs |
| internal respiration | O2 leaves the bloodstream and enters the cells in the tissues and CO2 from the cells enters the bloodstream |
| oxyhemoglobin | O2 combined with hemoglobin |
| carbaminohemoglobin | when hemoglobin combines with CO2 |
| acidosis | a dangerous condition when CO2 levels increase and blood pH decreases |
| alkalosis | decrease in CO2 and increase in pH |
| pleura | is a thin double-layer membrane that encases the lungs |
| alveoli | are tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place |
| surfactant | a coating of fluid that covers the walls |
| gametes | sex or germ cells, that are needed to form a new human being |
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