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MD400.2 final focal
MD400.2 Focal points for final exam (all)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| -algia | pain |
| angi/o | vessel (blood) |
| anti- | against |
| balan/o | glans penis |
| blephar/o | eyelid |
| BPH | Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (prostatic tissue increases and interferes with urination) |
| crypt/o | hidden |
| -cyesis | pregnancy |
| dacry/o | tear (crying) |
| dys- | bad; painful; difficult; abnormal |
| endo- | within |
| EPO | erythropoietin. Hormone produced by kidney to stimulate red blood cell production in bone marrow. |
| eu- | good; normal; true |
| gynec/o | woman; female |
| hyper- | above; excessive |
| hyster/o | uterus; womb |
| immun/o | immune; protection; safe |
| intra- | within |
| kerat/o | cornea; hard, horny tissue |
| leuk/o | white |
| mon/o | one; single |
| myring/o | tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
| NPO | [nil per os] nothing by mouth. Very important instruction. NOTHING by mouth. |
| -opia | vision condition |
| ot/o | ear |
| pan- | all |
| -pexy | fixation; to put in place |
| phag/o | eat; swallow |
| -phasia | speech |
| -poiesis | formation |
| poly- | many; much; increased |
| primi- | first |
| PTH | parathyroid hormone (parathormone) |
| -rrhea | flow; discharge |
| salping/o | fallopian tube; auditory (eustachian) tube |
| sider/o | iron |
| splen/o | spleen |
| -stasis | stopping; controlling; placing |
| test/o | testis (testicle) |
| toc/o | labour; birth |
| -tocia | labour; birth (condition of) |
| xer/o | dry |
| abruptio placentae | Premature separation of the normally implanted placenta. |
| accommodation | Normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objects from far to near. |
| addiction | Physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug. |
| Addison disease | hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex. Malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy, and severe loss of fluids and electrolytes. |
| adenoids | Lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils. (literal: resembling glands) |
| adnexa uteri | Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments. |
| adrenal cortex | Outer section (cortex) of each adrenal gland. Secretes: cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones. |
| adrenal medulla | Inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland. Secretes: epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| albumin | Major protein in blood. Maintains the proper amount of water in the blood. |
| alopecia | Absence of hair from areas where it normally grows. |
| amniocentesis | [amni/o -centesis (surgical puncture to remove fluid / amnion)] -- Puncture with a needle to withdraw fluid from within the amniotic sac. |
| anaphylaxis | Exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered drug or foreign protein. |
| antagonism | When two drugs have an effect that is less than the sum of their individual effects. |
| anterior pituitary gland | [adenohypophysis] -- front part of pituitary gland. Secretes: ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, TSH, PRL |
| antibody | [Ab] -- Specific protein (immunoglobin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens. |
| anticonvulsant | Drug that prevents convulsions and seizures. |
| antidote | Agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug. |
| antigen | [anti- -gen (sustance that produces / against)] -- Foreign substance or toxin that stimulates the production of an antibody. |
| antipruritic | Drug that acts against itching (pruritus) |
| aphakia | absence of the lens of the eye. |
| astigmatism | Defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye. |
| ataxia | Without coordination. |
| atopy | Hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition. |
| audiometer | Instrument to measure or test hearing. |
| axillary | [axill/o -ary (pertaining to / armpit)] |
| bilirubin | Orange-yellow pigment in bile. Formed by breakdown of hemoglobin with RBC are destroyed. |
| bradykinesia | slow movement. |
| bruise | [ecchymosis] |
| cauda equina | Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord. |
| causalgia | Intense burning pain, often resulting from injury to a peripheral nerve. |
| cerumen | [earwax] -- Waxy substance secreted by the external ear. |
| cervical | Pertaining to a neck (either cervix, or the part below the head) |
| cervix | Lower, neck-like portion of the uterus |
| coagulation | Blood clotting. |
| collagen | Dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues such as ligaments, tendons, and skin. |
| conjunctivitis | Inflammation of the conjunctiva. (ie: pink eye) |
| cornea | Fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball. |
| cretinism | hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leading to lack of normal physical and mental growth. |
| cryptorchidism | One or both testes faul to descend into the scrotal sac near the time of birth. |
| Cushing syndrome | hypersecretion by adrenal cortex: group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex. |
| dendrite | Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell (neuron) that is the first part to receive the nervous impule. |
| dermatitis | Inflammation of the skin. |
| dermis | Middle layer of the skin. |
| diuretic drugs | [see: diuretic] |
| electrophoresis | Method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge and size. |
| enucleation | Removal of the entire eyeball. |
| erythroblast | Immature red blood cell. |
| Eustachian tube | [auditory tube] -- Channel between middle ear and the nasopharynx |
| fibrin | Protein that forms the basis of a blood clot. |
| fimbriae | Finger or fringe-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes. |
| fissure | [cutaneous lesion] -- Groove or crack-like sore. |
| gait | Manner of walking |
| gestation | Time period from fertilization of the ovum to birth. a.k.a. pregnancy |
| gland | cluster of cells that secretes hormones into the body (endocrine), or to the outside of the body (exocrine) |
| gynecomastia | Female-like breast enlargement in a male. |
| gyri | plural of gyrus |
| heparin | Anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells. |
| homeostasis | Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment. |
| inguinal | pertaining to groin |
| insulin | lowers blood sugar (promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen). Secreted by pancreas. |
| interstitial fluid | Fluid in the space between the cells. Fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries. |
| keloid | [skin neoplasm] -- Excess hypertrophied, thickened scar developing after trauma or surgical incision. |
| lacrimal | Pertaining to tears. |
| lens | [transparent, biconvex body behind the pupil of the eye. Refracts light rays to focus them on retina.] |
| lymphopoiesis | [Formation of lymphocytes] |
| macule | [cutaneous lesion] -- Flat, pigmented lesion measuring less than 1 cm in diametre. (ie: freckles) |
| meconium | Newborn's first faeces. [online] |
| mediastinal | [pertaining to the mediastinum] |
| mole | [nevus (pl: nevi)] -- melanocytic nevus |
| movement | (no idea what Tanya is using this word for? Same with "old age"). combining forms are cine/o, kines/o, kinesi/o, suffix are -kinesia, -kinesis, and -kinetic. |
| myeloid | Relating to bone marrow and growth of cells originating in the bone marrow. |
| myxedema | [Decreased secretion of the thyroid gland in adults.] |
| neurotransmitter | chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. ie: dopamine, seratonin, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, GABA, epinephrine, histamine, oxytocin, etc. |
| old age | [age 20 years more than ones own.] -- (no idea what Tanya is using this word for? Same with "movement"). combining forms are ger/o and presby/o |
| optic chiasm | Point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain. |
| orchiopexy | Surgical fixation of an undescended testis into the scrotum. (procedure to fix cryptorchidism) |
| ossicle | Small bone of the ear. Includes malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup) |
| ovaries | Lower abdomen of a female. Egg production and secretes: progesterone. |
| pancreas | Behind the stomach. Islet (alpha, beta) cells (called: islets of Langerhans) secrete: insulin, glucagon (endocrine) and several digestive enzymes (exocrine) |
| pancreatectomy | [removal (excision) of the pancreas.] |
| parenchyma | essential main functioning tissues. Lungs: alveolar tissue. Kidney: nephrons. etc. |
| paresthesia | Abnormal nervous sensation occuring without apparent cause. Examples: tingling, numbness, or prickling sensations. |
| parturition | Act of giving birth. |
| pharmacodynamics | Study of drug effects within the body. |
| phimosis | Narrowing of the opening of the foreskin over the glans penis. |
| plasma | Liquid portion of the blood. Contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, wastes, lipids, hormones, and vitamins. |
| plexus | network of nerves outside of the central nervous system. includes brachial, cervical, and lumbosacral plexuses. |
| polydipsia | Great thirst as symptom of disease (ie: diabetes) [dict] |
| pregnancy | [see: gestation] |
| prepuce | Foreskin. Fold of skin covering the tip of the penis. |
| pruritus | Itching. |
| pseudocyesis | False pregnancy. |
| purpura | Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin. > 2mm |
| scrotum | External sac that contains the testes. |
| seminiferous tubules | Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes. |
| sodium | Electrolyte regulated by kidneys. Needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other functions. (is Natrium in German) |
| splenomegaly | Enlarged spleen. |
| sterilization | Procedure that removes a person's ability to produce or release reproductive cells. Includes removal of testicles, vasectomy, and oophorectomy. |
| stimulant | Drug that excites and promotes activity. |
| stimulant drugs | [see: stimulant] |
| strabismus | Abnormal deviation of the eye. |
| synapse | Space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells. |
| syncope | Fainting. Temporary loss of consciousness. |
| synergism | Combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone. |
| tetany | constant muscle contraction due to lack of calcium (hypoparathyroidism) |
| thyroid gland | Two lobes around trachea in the neck. Secretes: T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine), calcitonin |
| tinnitus | Sensation of noises in the ears without an external source. |
| tympanoplasty | Surgical repair of the eardrum. |
| urticaria | [hives] -- Acute allergic reaction in which red, round wheals develop on the skin. |
| varicocele | Enlarged, dilated veins near the testicle. |
| vertigo | Sensation of irregular or whirling motion either of oneself or of external objects. |
| walking | [see: gait] |
| warts | [verruca] -- Epidermal growth (verruca) caused by a virus. |
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