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Chabner12-Ch18Vocab
Chabner, Language of Medicine 12th Ed, Chapter 18 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acromegaly | Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities. |
| Addison disease | hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex. Malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy, and severe loss of fluids and electrolytes. |
| adenohypophysis | [anterior pituitary lobe] -- Secretes: ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, TSH, PRL |
| adrenal cortex | Outer section (cortex) of each adrenal gland. Secretes: cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones. |
| adrenal medulla | Inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland. Secretes: epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| adrenal virilism | excessive production of adrenal androgens. |
| adrenaline | [see: epinephrine] |
| adrenocortitropic hormone | [ACTH / adrenocortitropin] -- stimulates adrenal cortex (secreted by anterior pituitary). Secreted by anterior pituitary. |
| aldosterone | [mineralocorticoid] -- increases sodium reabsorption, regulates blood pressure (secreted by adrenal cortex) |
| androgen | [sex hormone] -- Male hormone influences secondary sexual characteristics (secreted by testes and adrenal cortex) |
| antidiuretic hormone | [ADH / vasopressin] -- increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules which decreases urine. Secreted by posterior pituitary. |
| calcitonin | decreases blood calcium. Secreted by thyroid gland. |
| catecholamines | class of hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by adrenal medulla. Includes: epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| computed tomography scan (endocrine) | [CT scan] -- X-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross-section and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumour. |
| corticosteroids | class of hormones (steroids) secreted by adrenal cortex. Includes: glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgen and estrogen. |
| cortisol | [glucocorticoid] -- increases blood sugar, anti-inflammatory (secreted by adrenal cortex) |
| Cushing syndrome | hypersecretion by adrenal cortex: group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex. |
| diabetes insipidus | [DI] -- Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH / vasopressin). Causes kidney tubules to fail to reabsorb water and salts. Symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia. |
| diabetes mellitus | [DM] -- Lack of insulin secretion and/or resistance to insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells. Two types: 1 and 2. |
| dwarfism | [hypopituitary dwarfism] -- Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone. |
| electrolyte | Mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells. Includes K, Na, Ca. |
| epinephrine | [adrenaline] -- increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from glycogen for more energy. |
| estradiol | [estrogen] -- Female hormone. Secreted by ovaries. |
| estrogen | [sex hormone] -- Female hormone that influences secondary sexual characteristics (secreted by ovaries and adrenal cortex) |
| exophthalmometry | Measurement of eyeball protrusion (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer. |
| fasting plasma glucose | [FPG] -- Fasting blood sugar test. Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted for at least 8 hours. |
| follicle-stimulating hormone | [FSH / a gonadotropin] -- stimulates ovaries or testes (secreted by anterior pituitary). Secreted by anterior pituitary. |
| gigantism | Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal growth of body tissues. |
| glucagon | raises blood sugar (promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose). Secreted by pancreas. |
| glucocorticoid | [cortisol] -- Steroid hormone secreted by adrenal cortex. Regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. |
| Graves disease | Most common form of hyperthyroidism. Increased heart rate, higher body temp, hyperactivity, weight loss, increased peristalsis, exophthalmos or proptosis. |
| growth hormone | [GH / somatotropin] -- stimulates growth. Secreted by anterior pituitary. |
| homeostasis | Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment. |
| hormone | Chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that travels through the blood to a distant organ or structure where it influences the structure or function. |
| hyperinsulinism | Excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia. |
| hyperparathyroidism | excessive production of parathormone. Results in hypercalcemia and osteoporosis (since calcium is moved to blood away from bones) |
| hyperthyroidism | [thyrotoxicosis] -- overactivity of the thyroid gland. |
| hypoparathyroidism | deficient production of parathyroid hormone. Results in hypocalcemia, muscle and nerve weakness and spasms, or even tetany (constant muscle contraction) |
| hypothalamus | Region of the brain lying below the thalamus, but above the pituitary gland. Stimulates pituitary gland to secrete and release hormones. |
| hypothyroidism | under-activity of the thyroid gland. Includes myxedema (adult onset) or cretinism (child onset) |
| insulin | lowers blood sugar (promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen). Secreted by pancreas. |
| luteinizing hormone | [LH / a gonadotropin] -- promotes ovulation in females, stimulates testes in males. Secreted by anterior pituitary. |
| magnetic resonance imaging (endocrine) | [MRI] -- Magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities. |
| mineralocorticoid | [aldosterone] -- Steroid hormone that regulates electrolytes and water balance in the body. |
| neurohypophysis | [posterior pituitary lobe] -- Secretes: ADH and oxytocin |
| noradrenaline | [see: norepinephrine] |
| norepinephrine | [noradrenaline] -- constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure. |
| ovaries | Lower abdomen of a female. Egg production and secretes: progesterone. |
| oxytocin | [OT] -- Stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth. Secreted by posterior pituitary. |
| pancreas | Behind the stomach. Islet (alpha, beta) cells (called: islets of Langerhans) secrete: insulin, glucagon (endocrine) and several digestive enzymes (exocrine) |
| panhypopituitarism | Deficiency of all pituitary hormones. |
| parathyroid glands | Four small glands on posterior of thyroid gland. Secrete: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| parathyroid hormone | [PTH] -- increase blood calcium. Secreted by parathyroid gland. |
| pheochromocytoma | [phe/o - dark/dusky, chrom/o - colour] -- Benign tumour of the adrenal medulla. Name derives from the staining of its cells. Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine is produced. |
| pituitary gland | [hypophysis] -- Base of brain in the sella turcica in 2 lobes: anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) |
| progesterone | Prepares uterus and maintains lining for pregnancy. Secreted by corpus luteum in ovaries, and in placenta, also adrenal cortex. |
| prolactin | [PRL] -- stimulates milk production. Secreted by anterior pituitary. |
| receptor (hormonal) | cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited. |
| sella turcica | Cavity in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull where the pituitary gland is located. |
| serum and urine tests | Measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function. |
| sex hormone | Steroids (androgen, estrogen) produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics. |
| somatotropin | [growth hormone / GH] |
| steroid | Complex substance related to fats (derived from sterol - ster/o = solid, -ol = oil) of which many hormones are made. |
| sympathomimetic | Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system. Includes epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| syndrome of inappropriate ADH | [SIADH] -- Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Excess water retention in body. |
| target tissue | Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by a specific hormone. |
| testoterone | Male hormone. Secreted by interstitial tissue of the testes. |
| thyroid carcinoma | cancer of the thyroid gland. |
| thyroid function tests | Measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in bloodstream. |
| thyroid gland | Two lobes around trachea in the neck. Secretes: T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine), calcitonin |
| thyroid scan | Scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland. |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone | [TSH / thyrotropin] -- stimulates thyroid gland. Secreted by anterior pituitary. |
| thyrotropin | [thyroid-stimulating hormone / TSH] |
| thyroxine | [T4 / tetraiodothyronine] -- increases metabolism in body cells. Secreted by thyroid gland. |
| triiodothyronine | [T3] -- increases metabolism in body cells. Secreted by thyroid gland. |
| ultrasound examination | Sound waves show images of endocrine glands. |
| vasopressin | [antidiuretic hormone / ADH] |
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