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Musculoskeletal Syst
Med Term - Chapter 14: Musculoskeletal System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| periosteum | outermost layer of the bone & is made up of fibrous tissue |
| compact bone | dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum |
| cancellous bone | contains little spaces like a sponge & is encased in the layers of compact bone - spongy bone |
| endosteum | membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone |
| diaphysis | shaft of the long bones |
| epiphysis | end of each long bone |
| bone marrow | material found in the cavities of bones |
| red marrow | thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones & the ends of long bones - location of blood cell formation |
| yellow marrow | soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones |
| maxilla | upper jawbone |
| mandible | lower jawbone |
| vertebral column | made up of bones called vertebrae or vertebra through which the spinal cord runs - protects spinal cord, supports head, & provides points of attachment for ribs & muscles |
| cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7) | first set of seven bones, forming the neck |
| thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12) | second set of 12 vertebrae articulate w/ the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine |
| lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5) | third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of spine |
| sacrum | next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones, forming joints called the sacroiliac joints |
| coccyx | four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone |
| lamina | part of the vertebral arch |
| clavicle | collarbone |
| scapula | shoulder blade |
| acromion process | extension of the scapula, which forms the superior point of the shoulder |
| sternum | breastbone |
| xiphoid process | lower portion of the sternum |
| humerus | upper arm bone |
| ulna & radius | lower arm bones |
| olecranon process | projection at the proximal end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow |
| carpal bones | wrist bones |
| metacarpal bones | hand bones - metacarpus |
| phalanx | finger and toe bones |
| pelvis | made up of three bones fused together - pelvic bones & hip bones |
| ischium | lower, posterior portion of the pelvis on which one sits |
| ilium | upper, wing-shaped part on each side of pelvis |
| pubis | anterior portion of pelvis |
| acetabulum | large socket in the pelvis for the head of the femur |
| femur | upper leg bone |
| tibia & fibula | lower leg bones |
| patella | kneecap |
| tarsal bones | ankle bones |
| calcaneus | heel bone |
| metatarsal bones | foot bones |
| joint | junction of two or more bones, which often allows for movement of these bones |
| cartilage | firm connective tissue primarily found in joints - articular cartilage covers the contacting surfaces of bones |
| meniscus | crescent-shaped cartilage found in some joints, including the knee |
| intervertebral disk | cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine |
| pubic symphysis | cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together anteriorly at the midline |
| synovia | fluid secreted by the synovial membrane & found in joint cavities, bursae, & around tendons |
| bursa | fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another |
| ligament | flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint |
| tendon | band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
| aponeurosis | strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone |
| skeletal muscles (striated muscles) | attached to bones by tendons & make body movement possible - produces action by pulling & working in pairs - voluntary muscles bc we have control over them - alternating dark & light bands create striations (stripes) |
| smooth muscles (unstriated muscles) | located in internal organs such as walls of blood vessels & digestive tract - involuntary muscles bc they respond to impulses from autonomic nerves |
| cardiac muscles (myocardium) | forms most of the wall of the heart - involuntary contraction produces heartbeat |
| carp/o | carpals (wrist) |
| clavic/o clavicul/o | clavicle (collarbone) |
| cost/o | rib |
| crani/o | cranium (skull) |
| femor/o | femur (upper leg bone) |
| fibul/o | fibula (lower leg bone) |
| humer/o | humerus (upper arm bone) |
| ili/o | ilium |
| ischi/o | ischium |
| lumb/o | loin, lumbar region of the spine |
| mandibul/o | mandible (lower jaw bone) |
| maxill/o | maxilla (upper jaw bone) |
| patell/o | patella (kneecap) |
| pelv/i | pelvis, pelvic bones, pelvic cavity |
| phalang/o | phalanx (any bone of the fingers or toes) |
| pub/o | pubis |
| rachi/o spondyl/o vertebr/o | vertebra, spine, vertebral column |
| radi/o | radius (lower arm bone) |
| sacr/o | sacrum |
| scapul/o | scalpula (shoulder blade) |
| stern/o | sternum (breatbone) |
| tars/o | tarsals (ankle bone) |
| tibi/o | tibia (lower leg bone) |
| uln/o | ulna (lower arm bone) |
| aponeur/o | aponeurosis |
| arthr/o | joint |
| burs/o | bursa (cavity) |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| disk/o | intervertebral disk |
| menisc/o | meniscus (crescent) |
| synovi/o | synovia, synovial membrane |
| ten/o tend/o tendin/o | tendon |
| ankyl/o | stiff, bent |
| kinesi/o | movement, motion |
| kyph/o | hump (increased convexity of the spine) |
| lamin/o | lamina (thin, flat plate or layer) |
| lord/o | bent forward (increased concavity of the spine) |
| my/o myos/o | muscle |
| myel/o | bone marrow |
| oste/o | bone |
| petr/o | stone |
| sarc/o | flesh, connective tissue |
| scoli/o | (lateral) curved (spine) |
| inter- | between |
| supra- | above |
| sym-, syn- | together, joined |
| -asthenia | weakness |
| -desis | surgical fixation, fusion |
| -physis | growth |
| -schisis | split, fissure |
| -trophy | nourishment, development |
| ankylosing spondylitis | form of arthritis that first affects the spine & adjacent structures & that, as it progresses causes a forward bend of the spine - Strumpell-Marie arthritis - rheumatoid spondylitis |
| bunion | abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe, the metatarsal-phalangeal joint - often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes - hallux valgus |
| carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) | common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve - symptoms: pain & tingling in portions of the hand and finger |
| Colles fracture | type of wrist fracture - fracture is at the distal end of the radius; the distal fragment being displaced backward |
| exostosis | abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone - spur |
| fracture (fx) | broken bone |
| gout | disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals (tophi) to be deposited in the joints, producing arthritis - great toe is frequently affected |
| herniated disk | rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots - slipped disk - ruptured disk - herniated intervertebral disk - herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) |
| Lyme disease | infection caused by a bite from a deer tick infected w/ Borrelia burgdorferi - bacterium provokes an immune response in the body - symptoms: fever, headache, joint pain, and rash may initially rise where tick bite is |
| muscular dystrophy (MD) | group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle & weakness |
| myasthenia gravis (MG) | chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness & thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell - face, larynx, & throat are frequently affected - no true paralysis of the muscle exists |
| osteoporosis | abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic & lumbar vertebrae, hips, & wrists after slight trauma - postmenopausal women |
| plantar fasciitis | inflammation of plantar fascia, connective tissue of the sole of the foot, due to repetitive injury - common cause of heel pain |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body |
| spinal stenosis | narrowing of the spinal canal w/ compression of nerve roots - congenital or due to spinal degeneration - symptoms: pain radiating to the thigh or lower legs & numbness or tingling in the lower extremities |
| spondylolisthesis | forward slipping of one vertebra over another |
| chiropractic | system of treatment that consists of manipulation of the vertebral column |
| chiropractor (DC) | specialist in chiropractic |
| crepitus | crackling sensation heard or felt when two bones rub against each other, or grating caused by the rubbing together or dry surfaces of a joint - crepitation |
| orthopedics (Ortho) | branch of medicine dealing w/ the study & treatment of diseases & abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system |
| orthopedist | physician who specializes in the study & treatment of diseases & abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system |
| orthotics | making & fitting of orthopedic appliances, such as arch supports, used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities |
| osteoclast | type of bone cell involved in absorption & removal of bone material - works in balance w/ osteoblasts to maintain healthy bone tissue |
| osteopath (DO) | physician who specializes in osteopathy |
| osteopathy | system of medicine that uses the usual forms of diagnosis & treatment but places greater emphasis on the relation between body organs & that musculoskeletal system |
| podiatrist | specialist in treating & diagnosing diseases & disorders of the foot, including medical & surgical treatment |
| prosthesis | artificial substance for a missing body part such as a leg, eye, or hip replacement |
| rheumatologist | physician who specializes in the study & treatment of rheumatic diseases |
| rheumatology | study & treatment of rheumatic diseases |
| abduction | moving away from the midline |
| adduction | moving toward the midline |
| inversion | turning inward |
| eversion | turning outward |
| extension | movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position increasing the angle between the bone & joint |
| flexion | movement in which a limb is bent, decreasing the angle between the bone & joint |
| pronation | movement that turns the palm down |
| supination | movement that turns the palm up |
| rotation | turning around its own axis |
Created by:
tessamcelrone
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