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Ch. 12-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anti- | against (P) |
| di- | complete (P) |
| uret- | urination (R) |
| -ic | pertaining to (S) |
| antidiuretic | An agent that decreases urine production. |
| endo- | within (P) |
| -crine | secrete (R) |
| endocrine | A gland that produces an internal or hormonal secretion. |
| hormone | Chemical formed in one tissue or organ, carried by the blood stream to stimulate or inhibit a function of another tissue or organ. Greek for to set in motion |
| thalam- | thalamus (R) |
| -us | pertaining to (S) |
| hypothalamus | Add endocrine gland in the floor and wall of the third ventricle of the brain. |
| mela- | black (R) |
| ton- | tension, pressure (R) |
| -in | substance (S) |
| melatonin | Hormone formed by the pineal gland |
| oxy- | oxygen (R) |
| toc- | labor and childbirth (R) |
| oxytocin | Pituitary hormone that stimulates the uterus to contract. |
| pineal | Pertaining to the pineal gland. Latin for like a pine cone. |
| pituitary | Pertaining to the pituitary gland |
| prosta- | prostate (R) |
| prostaglandin | Hormone present in many tissues, but first isolated from the prostate gland. |
| ser/o- | serum (R) |
| ton- | tension, pressure (R) |
| serotonin | Neurotransmitter in central and peripheral nervous systems |
| acro- | peak, highest point (R) |
| -megaly | enlargement (S) |
| acromegaly | Enlargement of head, face, hands, and feet due to excess growth hormone after growth plates have been closed. |
| adren/o- | adrenal gland |
| cortic/o- | from the cortex (R) |
| -tropic | a turning, change (S) |
| adrenocorticotropic | Hormone of the anterior pituitary that stimulates the cortex of the adrenaline gland to produce its own hormones. |
| corticosteroid | A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. |
| -tropin | stimulation (S) |
| corticotropin | Pituitary hormone that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete cortisone. |
| -one | hormone (S) |
| cortisone | A corticosteroid produced in small amounts by the adrenal cortex. |
| in- | not (P) |
| sipid- | flavor (R) |
| diabetes insipidus (DI) | Excretion of large amounts of dilute urine as a result of inadequate antidiuretic hormone production. |
| gonad- | testis, ovary (R) |
| gonadotropin | Any hormone that stimulates gonadal function. |
| gonad | Organ that produces sex cells; a testis or an ovary. Latin for seed. |
| hydrocortisone | Potent glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties. Also called cortisol. |
| pro- | before (P) |
| prolactin | Pituitary hormone that stimulates the production of milk. |
| somat/o- | the body (R) |
| somatotrophin | Hormone of the anterior pituitary that stimulates the growth of body tissues. |
| thyr/o- | thyroid (R) |
| thyrotropin | Hormone from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates functions of the thyroid gland. |
| calc/i- | calcium |
| calcitonin | Hormone produced by the thyroid gland that moves calcium from blood to bones. |
| emac/i- | make thin (R) |
| -ation | process (S) |
| emaciation | Abnormal thinness. |
| para- | adjacent, beside (P) |
| parathyroid | Endocrine glands embedded in the back of the thyroid gland. |
| thymus | Endocrine gland located in the mediastinum. Greek for sweetbread. |
| thyroid | Endocrine gland in the neck; or a cartilage of the larynx. Greek for an oblong shield. |
| thyroxine | Thyroid hormone T4, tetraiodothyronine |
| -ism | condition, process (S) |
| cretin | Severe congenital hypothyroidism. |
| cretinism | Condition of severe congenital hypothyroidism. |
| ophthalmos | eye (R) |
| ex- | out (P) |
| exophthalmos | Protrusion of the eyeball. |
| goiter | Benign enlargement of the thyroid gland. Latin for throat. |
| Graves disease | Hyperthyroidism with toxic goiter. |
| Hashimoto disease | Autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland. |
| hyperparathyroidism | Excessive levels of parathyroid hormone. |
| hypoparathyroidism | Deficient levels of parathyroid hormone. |
| -pyrex | fever (R) |
| hyperpyrexia | Extremely high body temperature or fever. |
| hyperthyroidism | Excessive production of thyroid hormones. |
| iod- | violet (R) |
| -ine | pertaining to (S) |
| iodine | Chemical element, the lack of which causes thyroid disease. |
| myx- | mucus (P) |
| -edema | swelling (R) |
| myxedema | Nonpitting, waxy edema of the skin in hypothyroidism |
| tetany | Severe muscle twitches, cramps, and spasms. Greek for convulsive tension. |
| thyroidectomy | Surgical removal of the thyroid gland |
| toxic/o- | poison (R) |
| thyrotoxicosis | Disorder produced by excessive thyroid hormone production. Also called hyperthyroidism. |
| Addison disease | An autoimmune disease leading to decreased production of adrenocortical steroids. |
| ad- | to, toward (S) |
| -ren | kidney (R) |
| -al | pertaining to (S) |
| adrenal | Endocrine gland on the upper pole of each kidney. Also called suprarenal. |
| adrenaline | Main catecholamine produced by the adrenal medulla. Also called epinephrine. |
| adrenocortical | Pertaining to the cortex of the adrenal gland. |
| -one | hormone (S) |
| aldosterone | Mineralocorticoid hormone of the adrenal cortex. |
| ald/o- | organic compound (R) |
| catechol- | tyrosine containing (R) |
| -amine | nitrogen-containing substance (S) |
| catecholamine | Major elements produced by the adrenal cortex in the stress response; include epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| Cushing syndrome | Hypersecretion of cortisol (hydrocortisone) by the adrenal gland. |
| facies | Facial features and expressions. Latin for appearance. |
| cortic- | cortisone (R) |
| glucocorticoid | Hormone of the adrenal cortex that helps regulate glucose metabolism. |
| hydrocortisone | Potent glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties. |
| idi/o- | unknown (R) |
| path- | disease (R) |
| idiopathic | Pertaining to a disease of unknown etiology. |
| mineral/o- | inorganic material (R) |
| mineralocorticoid | Hormone of the adrenal gland cortex that influences sodium and potassium metabolism. |
| nor- | normal (P) |
| epi- | above (P) |
| nephr- | kidney (R) |
| -ine | pertaining to (S) |
| norepinephrine | Catecholamine hormone of the adrenal gland that is a parasympathetic neurotransmitter. |
| ster- | solid (R) |
| steroid | Large family of chemical substances found in many drugs, hormones, and body components. |
| exo- | outward (P) |
| -crine | secrete (R) |
| exocrine | A gland that secretes outwardly through excretory ducts. |
| gluc- | sugar, glucose (R) |
| -agon | to fight (S) |
| glucagon | Pancreatic hormone that supports blood glucose levels. |
| -neo | new (P) |
| gluconeogenesis | Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources. |
| -ose | full of (S) |
| glucose | The final product of carbohydrate digestion and the main sugar in the blood. |
| -lysis | separate, dissolve (S) |
| glycogenolysis | Conversion of glycogen to glucose. |
| -gen/o | create (R) |
| insul- | an island (R) |
| insulin | Hormone produced by the islet cells of the pancreas. |
| Islets of Langerhans | Areas of pancreatic cells that produce insulin and glucagon. |
| -statin | inhibit (S) |
| somatostatin | Hormone that inhibits release of growth hormone and insulin. |
| amput- | to prune, lop off (R) |
| -ation | a process (S) |
| autoantibody | Antibody produced in response to an antigen from the host's own tissue. |
| coma | State of deep unconsciousness. |
| comatose | In a state of coma. |
| diabetes mellitus | Metabolic syndrome caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency and/or ineffectiveness. |
| -emia | blood condition (S) |
| hyperglycemia | High level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. |
| nephropathy | Any disease of the kidney. |
| par- | abnormal (P) |
| -esthes | sensation (R) |
| paresthesia (plural?) | An abnormal sensation; tingling, burning, pricking. Plural - paresthesias |
| dips- | thirst (R) |
| polydipsia | Excessive thirst. |
| polyuria | Excessive production of urine. |
| retinopathy | Degenerative disease of the retina. |
| acetone | Ketone that is found in blood, urine, and breath when diabetes mellitus is out of control. Latin for vinegar. |
| -osis | condition (S) |
| ketoacidosis | Excessive ketones in the blood, making it acidic. |
| ketone | Chemical formed in uncontrolled diabetes or in starvation. |
| ketosis | Excessive production of ketones. |
| lethargy | Abnormal drowsiness in depth or length of time. Greek for drowsiness. |
| metabolic acidosis | Decreased pH in blood and body tissues as a result of an upset in metabolism. |
| saline | Salt solution, usually sodium chloride. Latin salt. |
| ammonia | Toxic breakdown product of amino acids (proteins). |
| bladder | Hollow sac that holds fluid; ex. urine or bile. |
| calyx (plural?) | Funnel-shaped structure. Greek for cup of flower. Plural - calyces |
| filter | Porous substance used to separate liquids and gases from particulate matter; or to subject a substance to the action of a filter. |
| glomerulus | Network of capillaries in a nephron. Latin for small ball of yarn. |
| hilum (plural?) | The opening where the nerves and blood vessels enter and leave an organ. Latin for small bit. Plural - hila |
| kidney | Organ of excretion. |
| nephron | Filtration unit of the kidney; comprised of glomerulus and renal tubule. Greek for kidney. |
| nephrology | Medical specialty of diseases of the kidney. |
| nitrogenous | Containing or generating nitrogen. |
| renal | Pertaining to the kidney. |
| urea | End product of nitrogen metabolism. Greek for urine. |
| ureter | Tube that connects each kidney to the urinary bladder. Greek for urinary canal. |
| urine | Fluid and dissolved substances excreted by the kidney. |
| diuretic | Agent that increases urine output. |
| glomerulonephritis | Infection of the glomeruli of the kidney. |
| hemat- | blood (R) |
| -uria | urine (S) |
| hematuria | Blood in the urine. |
| nephrectomy | Surgical removal of a kidney. |
| blast- | immature cell (R) |
| nephroblastoma | Cancerous kidney tumor of childhood. Also called Wilms tumor. |
| nephropathy | Any disease of the kidney. |
| nephrotic syndrome | Glomerular disease with marked loss of protein. |
| pyel/o- | renal pelvis (R) |
| pyelogram | X-ray image of renal pelvis and ureters using contrast media. |
| an- | a lack of, no (P) |
| anuria | Absence of urine production. |
| dialysis | An artificial method of filtration to remove excess waste materials and water from the body. |
| hemodialysis | An artificial method of filtration to remove excess waste materials and water directly from the blood. |
| nephritis | Inflammation of the kidney. |
| olig- | scanty (R) |
| oliguria | Scanty production of urine. |
| polycystic | Composed of many cysts. |
| pyel/o- | renal pelvis (R) |
| pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis. |
| sib- | relative (R) |
| -ling | small (S) |
| uremia | The complex symptoms arising from renal failure. |
| calculus (plural?) | Small stone. Latin for pebble. Plural - calculi |
| dipstick | A strip of plastic or paper bearing squares of reagent that change color to indicate presence of chemicals. |
| extra- | outside (P) |
| corpor- | body (R) |
| -eal | pertaining to (S) |
| extracorpeal | Outside the body. |
| flank | Side of the body between the pelvis and the ribs. Latin for broad. |
| groin | Crease where the thigh joins the abdomen. |
| -osis | condition (S) |
| hydronephrosis | Dilation of the pelvis and the calyces of a kidney. |
| lith/o- | stone |
| -tripsy | crushing (S) |
| lithotripsy | Crushing stones by sound waves |
| -tripter | crusher (S) |
| lithotripter | Instrument that generates sound waves |
| nephrothiasis | Presence of a kidney stone |
| enur- | urinate in (R) |
| -esis | condition (S) |
| enuresis | Involuntary bedwetting |
| meatus | The external opening of a passage. Latin for a passage. |
| mictur- | pass urine (R) |
| micturition | Act of passing urine |
| reflex | An involuntary response to a stimulus. Latin for to bend back. |
| sphincter | A band of muscle that encircles an opening; when it contracts, the opening squeezes closed. Greek for a band. |
| urethra | Tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside. |
| void | To evacuate urine or feces |
| voluntary | Acting in obedience to the will |
| cyst- | bladder (R) |
| cystitis | Inflammation of the urinary bladder. |
| dys- | bad, difficult (P) |
| dysuria | Difficulty or pain with urination. |
| in- | not (P) |
| contin- | hold together (R) |
| -ence | state of (S) |
| incontinence | Inability to prevent discharge of urine or feces. |
| pyel- | renal pelvis (R) |
| pyelitis | Inflammation of the renal pelvis. |
| pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis. |
| retention | Holding back in the body what should normally be discharged (ex. urine). Latin for hold back. |
| supra- | above (P) |
| suprapubic | Above the symphysis pubis. |
| urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra. |
| vesic/o- | bladder (R) |
| vesicoureteral reflux | Backward flow of urine from the badder into the ureter. |
| -flux | flow (R) |
| cast | A cylindrical mold formed by materials in the kidney tubules. Latin for pure. |
| cystoscope | An endoscope inserted to view the inside of the bladder. |
| cystourethrogram | X-ray image during voiding to show structure and function of bladder and urethra. |
| glycosuria | Presence of glucose in urine. |
| ketone | Chemical formed in uncontrolled diabetes or in starvation. |
| nitrite | Chemical formed in urine by E. coli and other micoorganisms. |
| proteinuria | Presence of protein in urine. |
| retro- | backwards (P) |
| -grade | going (R) |
| retrograde | Reversal of a normal flow; for example, back from the bladder into the ureters |
| urinalysis | Examination of urine to separate it into its elements and define their kind and/or quanitity. |
| -erg | work (R) |
| anticholinergic | Antagonistic to parasympathetic nerve fibers. |
| antidepressant | An agent used to counteract depression. |
| kal- | potassium (R) |
| hyperkalemia | An excessive amount of potassium in the blood. |
| osmosis | The passage of a solvent across a cell membrane. |
| osmo- | push (R) |
| potent | Possessing strength, power. Latin for power. |
| thiaz- | blue dye (R) |
| thiazide | Abbreviated from benzothiadiazide, a class of diuretic. |
| uric acid | A chemical of white crystals poorly soluble in urine. |
| -suric | excess (S) |
| uricosuric | Pertaining to excessive amounts of uric acid in urine. |
Created by:
Adam Smi.
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