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Med Term Ch. 11
Medical Terminology Ch.11 - Digestive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| mouth | opening where food passes into the body - breaks food into small particles by mastication & mixing with saliva |
| mastication | chewing |
| tongue | major organ for taste & speech - consists of skeletal muscle - attached to posterior region of mouth - provides movement of food for mastication & directs food to pharynx for swallowing |
| palate | separates nasal cavity from oral cavity |
| soft palate | posterior portion - not supported by bone |
| hard palate | anterior portion - supported by bone |
| uvula | soft v-shaped structure that extends from soft palate - directs food into throat |
| pharynx (throat) | performs swallowing action that passes food from mouth into esophagus |
| esophagus | passageway for food extending from pharynx to stomach - 10 inch tube - Peristalsis begins here |
| peristalsis | involuntary wavelike movements that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract |
| stomach | j-shaped sac that mixes & stores food - secretes chemicals for digestion secretes hormones for local communication control |
| cardia | area around opening of esophagus |
| fundus | proximal domed portion of stomach |
| body | central portion of stomach - distal to fundus |
| antrum | distal portion of stomach |
| pylorus | portion of stomach that connects to small intestine |
| pyloric sphincter | ring of muscle that guards opening between stomach & duodenum |
| small intestine | 20 foot tube extending from pyloric sphincter to large intestine - digestion - absorption (passage of nutrients from small intestine to bloodstream) takes place through villa |
| duodenum | first 10-12 inches of small intestine |
| jejunum | second portion of small intestine - 8 feet long |
| ileum | third portion of small intestine - 11 feet long connects with large intestine |
| large intestine | 5 feet long tube that extends from ileum to anus - absorption of water & transit of solid waste products of digestion take place in large intestine |
| cecum | u-shaped pouch that is the first portion of large intestine |
| colon | main portion of large intestine - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon |
| rectum | distal portion of large intestine - 8-10 inches long - extending from sigmoid colon to anus |
| anus | sphincter muscle at end of gastrointestinal tract - provides for elimination of solid waste products of digestion |
| salivary glands | produce saliva |
| liver | produces bile |
| bile ducts | passageways that carry bile - hepatic duct: passageway for bile from liver - cystic duct: carries bile to & from gallbladder - they join to form common bile duct: conveys bile to duodenum - biliary tract |
| gallbladder | small, saclike structure that stores bile produced by liver |
| pancreas | produces pancreatic juice which helps digest all types of food - secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism |
| peritoneum | serous saclike lining of abdominal & pelvic cavities |
| appendix | small pouch attached to cecum - vermiform appendix |
| abdomen | portion of body between thorax & pelvis |
| an/o | anus |
| antr/o | antrum |
| cec/o | cecum |
| col/o colon/o | colon (large intestine) |
| duoden/o | duodenum |
| enter/o | intestines (small intestine) |
| esophag/o | esophagus |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| ile/o | ileum |
| jejun/o | jejunum |
| or/o stomat/o | mouth |
| proct/o rect/o | rectum |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon |
| abdomin/o celi/o lapar/o | abdomen abdominal cavity |
| append/o appendic/o | appendix |
| cheli/o | lips |
| cholangi/o | bile ducts |
| chol/e | gall bile |
| choledoch/o | common bile duct |
| divericul/o | diverticulum |
| gingiv/o | gums |
| gloss/o lingu/o | tongue |
| hepat/o | liver |
| herni/o | hernia |
| palat/o | palate |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| peritone/o | peritoneum |
| polyp/o | polyp small growth |
| pylor/o | pylorus pyloric sphincter |
| sial/o | saliva salivary glands |
| steat/o | fat |
| uvul/o | uvula |
| adhesion | abnormal growing together of two peritoneal surfaces that normally are separated - may occur after abdominal surgery - treatment: adhesiolysis or adhesiotomy |
| celiac disease | malabsorption syndrome caused by immune rxn to gluten - may damage the lining of the small intestine that is responsible for absorption of food into the bloodstream - gluten enteropathy |
| cirrhosis | chronic disease of liver w/ gradual destruction of cells & formation of scar tissue - caused by alcoholism & viral hepatitis |
| Crohn disease | chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum & colon - cobblestone ulcerations & formation of scar tissue (may lead to intestinal obstruction) - reginal ileitis or regional enteritis |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | abnormal backward flow of gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus - causes heartburn & gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus |
| hemochromatosis | iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food - excessive deposits of iron in the tissue - can cause: heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, or cancer of the liver |
| hemorrhoids | swollen or distended veins in the rectum/anus - internal or external - source of rectal bleeding & pain |
| ileus | non-mechanical obstruction of the intestine - caused by lack of peristalsis |
| intussusception | telescoping of a segment of the intestine |
| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | periodic disturbances of bowel function - diarrhea or constipation - abdominal pain |
| obesity | excess of body fat which increases body weight - body mass index (BMI) is greater than 30 kg/m^2 - overweight: BMI between 25 & 29.9 kg/m^2 - morbid obesity: BMI over 40 kg/m^2 |
| peptic ulcer | erosion of mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated w/ increased secretion of acid from stomach, bacterial infection, or medications - gastric or duodenal ulcer |
| ulcerative colitis (UC) | disease characterized by inflammation of the colon w/ formation of ulcers - can cause bloody diarrhea |
| volvulus | twisting of kinking of the intestine causing intestinal obstruction |
| abdominoperineal resection (APR) | removal of distal colon, rectum, & anal sphincter through both abdominal & perineal approaches - to treat some colorectal cancers & inflammatory diseases of lower large intestine - patient will have colostomy |
| anastomosis | connection created by surgically joining two structures - blood vessels, bowel segments |
| bariatric surgery | surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity |
| hemorrhoidectomy | excision of hemorrhoids |
| vagotomy | cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve - performed w/ gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced & thus reduce recurrence of ulcers |
| abdominal sonography | ultrasound scan of the abdominal cavity in which the size & structure of the organs can be visualized |
| barium enema (BE) | series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally - lower GI series |
| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) | procedure in which contrast media is introduced into the biliary & pancreatic ducts - used to evaluate obstructions, strictures, stone diseases, pancreatitis, & pancreatic cancer |
| endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) | procedure using endoscope fitted w/ an ultrasound probe that provides images of the esophageal & stomach linings, as well as walls of the small & large intestines - used to detect tumors & cystic growths & for staging malignant tumors |
| upper GI series | series of radiographic images taken of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, & duodenum after contrast agent barium has been administered orally - upper gastrointestinal series |
| fecal occult blood test (FOBT) | test to detect occult blood in feces - used to screen for colon cancer or polyps - occult blood: blood that is present but can only be detected by chemical testing or by microscope |
| Helicobacter pylori antibodies test | blood test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria - bacteria can be found in lining of the stomach& can cause peptic ulcers |
| ascites | abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
| diarrhea | frequent discharge of liquid stool |
| dysentery | disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine associated w/ abdominal pain & diarrhea that is often bloody |
| emesis | expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth - vomiting |
| feces | waste from the gastrointestinal tract or expelled through the rectum - stool - fecal matter |
| flatus | gas in the gastrointestinal tract or expelled through the anus |
| gastric lavage | washing out of the stomach |
| gavage | process of feeding a person through a tube |
| hematemesis | vomiting blood |
| hematochezia | passage of visibly bloody feces |
| malabsorption | impaired digestion of intestinal absorption of nutrients |
| melena | black, tarry stool that contained digested blood - usually a result of bleeding in upper GI tract |
| nausea | urge to vomit |
| palpate | to examine by hand/to feel |
| peristalsis | involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract |
| reflux | abnormal backward flow |
| stoma | surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body - an opening created between body structures of between portions of the intestines |
Created by:
tessamcelrone
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