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Muscle System ISSN
Muscular System ISSN
Question | Answer |
---|---|
external mobility | created by skeletal muscle, it includes both motion and locomotion |
motion | change of positions due to movement |
locomotion | movement from one place to another |
internal mobility | occurs with smooth muscle contractions inside the body |
smooth muscle | found in hollow organs and blood vessels |
cardiac muscle | found in the heart |
skeletal muscle | connects to bones and allows us to move |
smooth muscle | non-striated |
cardiac muscle | striated |
skeletal muscle | striated |
smooth muscle's nuclei | mono-nucleated |
cardiac muscle's nuclei | mono or multi-nucleated |
skeletal muscle's nuclei | multi-nucleated |
superficial fascia | separates muscle from skin |
deep fascia | holds muscles with similar functions together |
epimysium | separates muscles into functional groups, reaching past the muscle to the tendon |
perimysium | covers the fascicle |
endomysium | covers each muscle fiber, it allows vascularization and innervation |
tendons | attach muscle to bone |
aponeurosis | broad, flat, sheet like tendonous structures attaching muscle to other muscles, skin or bone |
tendon sheath | located where tendons pass bony structures |
tenosynovitis | inflammation of tendon sheath |
retinacula | used to secure tendons in their place...found primarily in wrist, ankle, and knee |
origins of muscle | found at the proximal end of a muscle, more stationary, |
insertions of muscles | produce movement and are found at the more distal end of a muscle |
contractility | shortening of muscle fiber |
extensibility | lengthening of muscle fibers |
elasticity | ability to return to its original shape |
excitability | the ability to contract after receiving a nerve stimulus |
sarcomeres | the smallest functional unit of a muscle cell containing actin and myosin |
sarcolemma | the cell wall of a muscle cell |
sarcoplasm | the muscle cell's cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles |
sarcoplasmic reticulum | stores and releases calcium ions needed for creating cross bridges between the actin and myosin proteins |
T tubules | channels encircling the z-line and enters the cell transporting calcium ions into and out of the cell to help spread the action potential |
myofibril | a single muscle cell or muscle fiber |
h-band | the center of the sarcomere, contains only myosin |
a-band | lies to either side of the h-band, contains actin and myosin |
i-band | lies outside the a-bands, contains only actin |
motor unit | a single motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers to which it attaches |
neuromuscular junction | where the axon of the motor neurons terminate at the sarcolemma os a muscle fiber |
acetylcholine (ACh) | the principle neurotransmitter involved in a muscle contraction |
all-or-none response | the phenomenon where a stimulation of a fiber causes an action potential to travel over the entire fiber or not to travel at all |
hyperflexibility | flexibility beyond a joints normal physiologic limits and contributes to joint instability |
muscle spindles | located in the belly of a muscle. a quick ballistic stretch causes the receptor to fire off and produce muscle contractions |
golgi tendon organs | located at the musculotendonous junction and fire off when over stretched |
slow twitch | red muscles, fatigue resistant |
fast twitch | white muscles, fatigue quickly |
intermediate | pink muscle |
isotonic contraction | the tone or tension of a muscle remains the same but the length of a muscle changes |
concentric contraction | occurs when contraction of a muscle results in the shortening of a muscle |
eccentric contraction | occurs when muscle experiences resistance as it is lengthened |
isometric contraction | the muscle length remains the same while the muscle tension increases |
uniarticular | describes a muscle that crosses a single joint |
biarticular | describes a muscle that crosses two joints, and acts on both |
multiarticular | describes a muscle that crosses more than two joints |
parallel fibers | have fibers running along the long axis providing greater ROM, but less strength |
fusiform fibers | spindle shaped fibers with a tapered end |
circular fibers | fibers used to close openings |
pennate fibers | fibers that are short and flare off to the sides on one tendon |
prime movers | aka agonists |
agonists | main muscles producing a certain desired movement |
synergist | muscles that assist the agonist |
antagonist | muscles that oppose the prime movers |
fixators | aka stabilizers |
stabilizers | stabilize surrounding joints so a prime mover can act more efficiently |
Sherrington's Law | when a prime mover is stimulated the opposing antagonist cooperates by elongating |