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WH - Unit 4
The Early Middle Ages
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Justinian | Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565; he reunited the parts of the Roman Empire, simplified Roman laws with Justinian’s Code, and ordered Hagia Sophia built. |
| Justinian's Code | the body of Roman civil law collected and organized by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian around AD 534. |
| Patriarch | a principal bishop in the eastern branch of Christianity. |
| Icon | a religious image used by eastern Christians. |
| Cyrillic Alphabet | an alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, devised in the ninth century AD by Saints Cyril and Methodius. |
| Slavs | a people from the forests north of the Black Sea, ancestors of many peoples in Eastern Europe today. |
| Vladimir | Grand prince of Kiev; he converted to Orthodox Christianity in the 980s and made it the state religion. |
| Yaroslav the Wise | Grand duke of Kiev from 1019 to 1054; he promoted Christianity and civilization in Russia and began a codification of the law. |
| Alexander Nevsky | Russian hero; he defeated the Swedes and the Teutonic knights. As grand duke of Kiev, he was vassal of the Mongols, who controlled much of Russia at the time. |
| Ivan III | Prince of Moscow, openly challenged Mongol rule and publicly claimed his intent to make Russia the “Third Rome.” The Russian state became an official empire during his 43-year long rule. |
| Czar | a Russian emperor (from the Roman title Caesar). |
| Middle Ages | the era in European history that followed the fall of the Roman Empire, lasting from about 500 to 1500—also called the medieval period. |
| Franks | a Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (roughly the area now occupied by France) and established a great empire during the Middle Ages. |
| Monastery | a religious community of men (called monks) who have given up their possessions to devote themselves to a life of prayer and worship. |
| Secular | concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters. |
| Charlemagne | King of the Franks from 768 to 814; he united much of France, Germany and northern Italy in one Frankish empire; crowned Emperor of the Roman people in 800. |
| Lord | in feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals. |
| Fief | an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe. |
| Vassal | in feudal Europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services. |
| Knight | in medieval Europe, an armored warrior who fought on horseback. |
| Serf | a medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord’s estate. |