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Chabner12-Ch15Vocab
Chabner, Language of Medicine 12th Ed, Chapter 15 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| abduction | Movement away from the midline of the body. |
| acetabular | Pertaining to the acetabulum |
| acetabulum | Rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis that joins the femur, forming the hip joint. |
| achondroplasia | [a- chondr/o -plasia (development / no / cartilage)] -- Inherited disorder in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size; achondroplastic dwarfism. |
| acromion | Outward extension of he shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder. |
| adduction | Movement toward the midline of the body. |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | [ALS] -- Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem leading to progressive muscular paralysis. a.k.a. Lou Gehrig Disease. |
| ankylosing spondylitis | Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine. |
| ankylosis | Immobility (fusion) of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure. |
| antinuclear antibody test | Detects an antibody present in the serum of patients with systemic lupus-erythermatosus and other autoimmune diseases. |
| arthodesis | Surgical fusion of a joint to eliminate movement. |
| arthrocentesis | Surgical procedure to remove fluid from the joint space. |
| arthrography | X-ray imaging of a joint after injection of contract material. |
| arthroplasty | Surgical repair of a joint. ie: total hip replacement or total knee replacement |
| arthroscopy | Visual examination of the inside of a joint with an endoscope. |
| arthrotomy | Incision of a joint. |
| articular cartilage | Smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together at a joint. |
| articulation | Any type of joint. |
| atrophy | [a- -trophy (condition of development / no)] -- Decrease in size of normally develped organ or tissue of the body (wasting away) |
| bone | Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton. |
| bone density test | [DEXA or DXA] -- Low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist. Used to measure bone mass. Also called dual-energy x-ray absorptionmetry (DEXA or DXA) |
| bone depression | Opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or as passageways for blood vessels and nerves. |
| bone process | enlarged area that extends out from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. |
| bone scan | Uptake of radioactive substance is measured in the bone. |
| bunion | [hallux valgus] -- Enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint) |
| bursa | (singular) Sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another. (plural: bursae) |
| bursae | (plural) Sacs of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another. (singular: bursa) |
| bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa. |
| calcaneal | Pertaining to the calcaneus (heel bone) |
| calcaneus | Heel bone. |
| calcium | One of the mineral constituents of bone. |
| cancellous bone | Spongy, porous bone tissue in the inner part of the bone. |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | Compression (by a wrist ligament) of the median nerve as it passes through bones and tendons of the wrist. |
| carpals | Bones of the wrist. |
| cartilage | flexible connective tissue often attached to bones and joints. Also found in external ear, nose, and surrounding trachea |
| cervical vertebrae | Seven backbones in the neck |
| chondrocostal | Pertaining to the cartilage that is attached to the ribs. |
| chondromalacia | Softening of cartilage. |
| chondrosarcoma | Malignant tumor of cartilage. |
| clavicle | Collar bone. |
| coccyx | tailbone |
| collagen | Dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues such as ligaments, tendons, and skin. |
| compact bone | Hard, dense bone tissue, forming the outer portion of bones. |
| condyle | an articular prominence of a bone. [dict] |
| cranial bones | Bones of the skull; ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal. |
| craniotome | Instrument to cut the skull. (cranium) |
| craniotomy | Incision of the skull. |
| crepitus | Crackling sound produced when ends of bone rub against each other or against roughened cartilage. |
| decalcification | Loss of calcium from bones. |
| diaphysis | Shaft or mid-portion of a long bone. |
| disc | pad of cartilage between vertebrae |
| discography | x-ray images of cervical or lumbar invertebral discs after injection of a contrast material into the interior of the disc. |
| dislocation | Displacement of a bone from its joint. |
| dorsiflexion | Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward, toward the knee or ceiling. |
| electromyography | Recording of electrical activity of muscle tissue. |
| epicondyle | bony bumps at the bottom of the humerus [dict] |
| epiphyseal plate | Cartilaginous area of the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton. |
| epiphysis | Each end of a long bone. |
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate | Measures the time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube. Useful in detection of inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. |
| ethmoid bone | Thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the orbits of the eye. |
| Ewing sarcoma | Rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occuring in children. |
| exostosis | Bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone. |
| extension | Increasing the angle between two bones. Straightening a limb. |
| facial bones | Bones of the face; lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic bones. |
| fascia | Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscle. |
| fascioctomy | Incision of fascia. |
| femoral | Pertaining to the femur. |
| femur | Thigh bone. |
| fibromyalgia | Chronic pain and stiffness in muscles and fibrous tissue, especially in the shoulders, neck, hips, and knees. |
| fibula | Smaller of the two lower leg bones. |
| fibular | Pertaining to the fibula. |
| flexion | Decreasing the angle between two bones. Bending a limb. |
| fontanelle | Soft spot between the skull bones of an infant. |
| foramen | an opening that allows the passage of structures from one region to another. [dict] |
| foramen magnum | Opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes. |
| fracture | Traumatic breaking of a bone. |
| frontal bone | Skull bone that forms the forehead and bony sockets that contain the eyes. |
| ganglion cyst | Fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons. Most common in the wrist. |
| gouty arthritis | [podagra] -- Inflammation and painful swelling in and around joints caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals. |
| haversian canals | Minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone. |
| hemarthrosis | Condition of blood in a joint. |
| herniation of an intervertebral disc | Abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal or spinal nerves. |
| humeral | Pertaining to the humerus |
| humerus | Upper arm bone. |
| hydrarthrosis | Condition of water or fluid in a joint. |
| hypercalcemia | High levels of calcium in the blood. |
| hypertrophy | [hyper- -trophy (development (condition of) / excessive)] -- Increase in size of tissue or an organ due to incease in size of individual cells. |
| hyperuricemia | Increase in uric acid in the blood. |
| iliac | [ili- -ac (pertaining to / ilium)] -- Pertaining to the ilium; right or left upper most portion of the hip bone. |
| ilium | Upper and largest portion of the hip bone. |
| infrapatellar | Pertaining to below the patella (kneecap) |
| ischial | Pertaining to the iscium (posterior portion of the hip bone) |
| ischium | Posterior portion of the hip bone. |
| kyphosis | Abnormal condition of outward curvature (convexity) of the thoracic spine. (humpback) |
| lacrimal bones | Two small facial bones that contain teare glands and canals for the passage of tear ducts. |
| lamina | One of two posterior arches of the vertebra. |
| laminectomy | Surgical removal of a lamina to relieve pressure on a protruding intervertebral disc. |
| leiomyoma | Benign turmor of smooth (involuntary) muscle. (in uterus called fibroid) |
| leiomyosarcoma | Malignant tumor of smooth (involunary) muscle. |
| ligament | Fibrous connective bands binding bones to other bones. Supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint. |
| ligamentous | Pertaining to a ligament. |
| lordosis | Anterior (forward) curvature of the lumbar spinal column. (extreme case: swayback) |
| lumbar vertebrae | five backbones in the region of the waist. |
| lumbosacral | Pertaining to the lumbar and sacral regions of the back. (vertebrae L1 to S5) |
| Lyme disease | Chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia, and malaise. Caused by bacterium carries by a tick. |
| malleolar | Pertaining to the malleolus. |
| malleolus | Round process on both sides of the ankle joint. |
| mandible | Lower jaw bone. |
| mandibular | Pertaining to the mandible. |
| manubrium | Upper portion of the sternum (breastbone) |
| mastoid process | Rounded projection on the temporal bone behind the ear. |
| maxilla | Upper jaw bone. |
| maxillary | Pertaining to maxilla. |
| medullary cavity | Central, hollowed out area in the shaft of a long bone. |
| meniscus | Crescent shaped fibrocatilaginous structure which provides cushion for a joint (such as the knee) |
| metacarpals | Hand bones. |
| metacarpectomy | Removal of hand bones. |
| metaphysis | Flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) of the bone and the epiphyseal plate at the end of the bone. |
| metatarsalgia | Foot pain. |
| metatarsals | Foot bones. |
| muscle biopsy | Removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination to assess for abnormalties or disease. |
| muscular dystrophy | Group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involved of the nervous system. |
| myalgia | Muscle pain. |
| myasthenia gravis | Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles. |
| myelopoiesis | Formation of bone marrow. |
| myopathy | Disease of muscles. |
| myositis | Inflammation of muscles. |
| nasal bones | Two facial bones that form the nose. |
| occipital bone | Posterior portion of the skull (cranium) |
| olecranal | Pertaining to the elbow. |
| olecranon | Large process on the proximal end of the ulna at the elbow. |
| orthopedics | Surgical speciality devoted to straightening, correcting, and treating deformities and diseases in bones. |
| osseous tissue | Bone tissue. |
| ossification | Process of bone formation. |
| osteitis | Inflammation of bone. |
| osteoarthritis | Inflammation of bones and joints. This is progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of cartilage and hypertrophy of bone with the joint. |
| osteoblast | Bone cell that helps form bone tissue. |
| osteoclast | Bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue. |
| osteodystrophy | Abnormal development of bone. |
| osteogenesis imperfecta | Genetic disorder involving defective bone development. Bones are brittle and fragile caused by abnormal collagen production; fractures occur with the slightest trauma. |
| osteogenic sarcoma | Cancerous (malignant) tumor produced in bone. (osteosarcoma) |
| osteomalacia | Softening of bones. |
| osteomyelitis | Inflammation of bone and bone marrow secondary to infection. |
| osteopenia | Deficiency of bone; a precursor to osteoporosis. |
| osteoporosis | Decrease in bone density; thinning and weakening of bone. |
| osteotome | Instrument to cut bone. |
| parietal bone | One of two bones on either side of the skull. |
| patella | Kneecap |
| pelvic | Pertaining to the pelvis. |
| periosteum | Membrane surrounding bones. |
| phalangeal | Pertaining to finger and toe bones. |
| phalanges | Finger and toe bones. |
| phosphorus | Mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium. |
| physiatrist | Medical doctor specializing in rehabilitation (physi/o = function) |
| plantar flexion | Motion that extends the foot downward towards the ground. |
| podagra | [gouty arthritis] -- Foot pain that occurs in the joint of the bog toe in gout. |
| polyarthritis | Inflammation of many joints. |
| polymyalgia | Pain in many muscles, especially in shoulders and hips. |
| polymyositis | Inflammation of many muscles. |
| pronation | As applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm down. |
| pubic | Pertaining to the anterior part of the pelvis. |
| pubic symphysis | Junction of the two pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis. |
| pubis | One of two bones forming the front portion of the pelvis. |
| pyrexia | Fever. |
| radial | Pertaining to the radius, a bone in the lower arm (thumb side of the wrist). |
| radius | bone in the lower arm (thumb side of the wrist). |
| red bone marrow | Soft spongy tissue found in the interior of flat bones such as the hip and breast bone; site of hematopoiesis (formation of blood) |
| reduction | Reconnection of a bone to its normal position after a fracture. |
| rhabdomyolysis | Breakdown of damaged skeletal muscle. |
| rhabdomyoma | Benign tumor striated, voluntary muscle (attached to bone) |
| rhabdomyosarcoma | Malignant tumor of striated, voluntary muscle. |
| rheumatoid arthritis | Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain. Caused by autoimmune reaction against joint tissues. |
| rheumatoid factor test | Serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis. |
| rheumatologist | Medical doctor specializing in diagnosis and treatment of joint disorders. |
| ribs | Twelves pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall. |
| rotation | Circular movement around an axis (or central point) |
| sacral vertebrae | Bones of the sacrum (lower back below the lumbar region) |
| sarcopenia | Loss of muscle mass and strength. Associated with aging. |
| scapula | Shoulder blade. |
| scapular | Pertaining to the scapula |
| scoliosis | Abnormal condition of lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine. |
| sella turcica | Cavity in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull where the pituitary gland is located. |
| serum | Plasma minus clotting proteins (prothrombin and fibrinogen) and clotting cells. |
| serum calcium | Measurement of calcium level in serum. |
| serum creatine kinase | Measurement of the enzyme creatinine kinase in serum. |
| sinus | Hollow air cavity within a bone. |
| sphenoid bone | Bat-shaped bone that forms part of the base of the skull. |
| spinal stenosis | Narrowing of the neural (spinal) canal in the lumbar spine. |
| spondylolisthesis | Forward slipping (subluxation) of one vertebra over another. |
| spondylosis | Abnormal condition of the spine (vertebral column) characterized by stiffness and fixation of vertebral joints. |
| sprain | Injury, often the result of trauma, involving overstretching of ligaments around a joint. |
| sternum | Breast bone. |
| strain | Muscle injury involving overstretching a muscle. |
| striated muscle | Muscle attached to bones. |
| styloid process | Pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull. |
| subcostal | Pertaining to under the ribs. |
| subluxation | Partial or incomplete dislocation of a bone from its normal position. Often a misalignment of vertebrae. |
| supination | As applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm upward. |
| supraclavicular | Pertaining to above the clavicle. (collar bone) |
| suture | Immovable joint between bones, such as the skull (cranium) |
| suture joint | Immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull. |
| synovial cavity | Space between bones at a synovial joint. Contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane. |
| synovial fluid | Viscous fluid within the synovial cavity. |
| synovial joint | Freely moveable joint. |
| synovial membrane | Tissue lining the synovial cavity. Produces synovial fluid. |
| synovitis | Inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the synovial joint. |
| systemic lupus erythematosus | Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs. |
| talipes | [clubfoot] -- Congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus). |
| tarsals | Ankle bones. |
| tarsectomy | Removal of an ankle bone. |
| temporal bone | One of two bones on each side of the skull near the ear. |
| temporomandibular joint | Connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw. |
| tendinosis | Abnormal condition of tendons. |
| tendon | Fibrous, connective tissue binding muscles to bones. |
| tenorrhaphy | Suture of a tendon. |
| tenosynovitis | Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath or covering. |
| thoracic vertebrae | Twelve backbones in the region of the chest. |
| tibia | Larger of the two lower leg bones. |
| tibial | Pertaining to the tibia. |
| trabeculae | Supporting latticework of bony fibers in cancellous, spongy (soft) bone. |
| ulna | One of the two bones of the lower arm; connects to the wrist on the little finger side. |
| ulnar | Pertaining to the ulna |
| uric acid test | Measurement of uric acid in serum. High levels are associated with gouty arthritis. |
| vertebra | single backbone |
| vertebrae | multiple backbones |
| vertebroplasty | Surgical repair of a verterbra. |
| visceral muscle | Muscle that lines the walls of internal organs. Smooth, involuntary muscle. |
| vomer | Thin plate of bone that forms part of the nasal septum, which is the wall separating the nostrils. |
| xiphoid process | Lower, narrow portion of the sternum (breastbone) |
| yellow bone marrow | Fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity (shaft) of most adult long bones. |
| zygomatic bones | Cheekbones of the face. |
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