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AP Human Geo Ch 4-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Custom | The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act. |
| Folk Culture | Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. |
| Habit | A repetitive act performed by a particular individual |
| Popular Culture | Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. |
| Taboo | A restriction on behavior imposed by social customs. |
| material artifacts | Visible objects that a group possesses and leaves behind for the future including survival activities (food, shelter, clothing) and leisure activities (arts and recreation). |
| relocation diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another. |
| environmental determinism | 19th and early 20th century approach to the study of geography that argued that the physical environment caused human activities. |
| MDC | More Developed Country |
| LDC | Less Developed Country |
| chador | Combination head covering and veil worn by many women in Islamic countries. |
| dowry | A "gift" (money, cattle, property, etc) given to a groom's family by the bride's family in traditional cultures. |
| cultural imperialism | People may lose their folk culture because of the influence of material elements of popular culture from MDCs. |
| hearths | Regions from which innovative ideas originate |
| terroir | Describes the effect environmental conditions (soil, climate, water) on a specific food item such as wine. |
| non-material aspects of folk culture | songs, dance, stories, customs, belief systems |
| British Received Pronunciation (BRP) | The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom |
| Creole/creolized landuage | A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated |
| Dialect | A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation |
| Ebonics | Dialect spoken by some African Americans |
| Extinct Language | A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used |
| Franglais | A term used by the French for English words that have entered the french language |
| Ideograms | The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English |
| Isogloss | A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate |
| Isolated language | A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family |
| Language | A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning |
| Language branch | A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with Language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family |
| Language family | A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history |
| Language group | A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary |
| Lingua franca | A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages |
| Literary tradition | A language that is written as well as spoken |
| Official language | The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents |
| Pidgin language | A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communication among speakers of two different languages |
| Spanglish | Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic Americans |
| Standard language | The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications |
| Vulgar Latin | A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents |
| Indo-European Family | The world's most extensively spoken language family by a wide margin. Nearly 3 billion people speak an Indo-European language as their first language |
| Linguistic diversity | The differences in how a language is spoken |
| Toponym | The name given to a portion of Earth's surface |
| Trade language | An example being a lingua franca; used to connect groups of multiple languages for the purpose of trading |
| Acculturation | the adoption of cultural traits such as language by one group |
| Endangered languages | those languages that are in fear of extinction |
| Oral Tradition | A language that is spoken |
| Sino-Tibetan Family | Second largest language family |
| Apartheid | physical separation of different races into separate geographic areas |
| Balkanization | the process by which a state breaks down through ethnic conflict |
| Balkanized | a geographic area that cannot be organized into one or more stable states |
| Blockbusting | real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black are to sell their houses at low prices |
| Centripetal forces | one that tends to unify people behind the state |
| Centrifugal forces | opposite from centripetal force – lead to the breakup of a state |
| Ethnic cleansing | process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create their own nation or nation-state |
| Ethnic neighborhood | a neighborhood at an urban level that is clustered with African Americans and Hispanics |
| Ethnicity | identity with a group of people who share a common identity with a specific homeland or hearth |
| Ethnonationalism | a strong feeling of belonging to a nation that is a minority within a state |
| Genocide | the systematic killing of all the people from a national, ethnic, or religious group, or an attempt to do this |
| Ghettos | neighborhoods where Jews were forced to live in medieval Europe |
| Irredentism | Serbs and Croats fought to unite their ethnicity in Bosnia with their respective republics |
| Multicultural | relating to, consisting of, or participating in the cultures of different countries, ethnic groups, or religion. The cities in ethnic neighborhoods are also multicultural |
| Multi-ethnic state | contains more than one dominant ethnicity |
| Multinational state | A state which contains one or more ethnic groups as identified by religion, language, or color |
| Nationalism | the degree of loyalty that one has for a nationality |
| Nationality | identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a country |
| Nation-state | a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity |
| Province | an administrative region or division of a country |
| Race | identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor |
| Racism | belief that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race |
| Racist | someone who follows the beliefs of racism |
| Self-determination | the desire for self-rule |
| Sharecropper | farming land rented from a landowner and paying rent in the form of crops |
| Shatterbelt | The branch of geopolitics that deals with strategy |
| Triangular Slave Trade | is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions |
| Universalizing | religions that attempt to be global and appeal to all people |
| Ethnic | religion that primarily appeals to one group of people living in one place |
| Branch | a large fundamental division within a region |
| Sect | a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination |
| Pilgrimage | a sacred religious journey |
| Pagan | followers of polytheistic religions in ancient times |
| Cosmogony | creation story |
| Solstice | day when sun is at highest or lowest point in the sky |
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