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Chabner12-Ch11Vocab
Chabner, Language of Medicine 12th Ed, Chapter 11 - Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ACE inhibitor | [Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitor] -- Drug that lowers blood pressure by dilating blood vessels (antihypertensive) |
| acute coronary syndromes | Consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries; unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack) |
| aneurysm | Weakening of an arterial wall, which may lead to hemorrhage and cerebrovascular accident (stroke) |
| angina | Chest pain associated with myocardial ischemia (poor bloody supply) |
| angiogram | X-ray record of blood vessels. |
| angiography | [angi/o -graphy (process of recording / vessel)] -- x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of a contrast material. |
| angioplasty | Surgical repair of a blood vessel. |
| anoxia | [an- ox/o -ia (condition / no / oxygen)] -- Without oxygen. |
| antrioventricular bundle | [bundle of His] -- Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them. (His pronounced "hiss") |
| aorta | largest artery in the body. |
| aortic stenosis | Narrowing of the aorta. |
| apex of the heart | Lower tip of the heart |
| arrhythmia | [a- rrhythm/o -ia (pertaining to / without / rhythm)] -- Irregular or abnormal heartbeat |
| arrhythmias | Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias) |
| arterial anastomosis | New surgical connection between two arteries. |
| arteriography | x-ray recording of arteries after contrast is injected. |
| arteriole | [arteri/o -ole (small artery)] -- Small artery. |
| arteriosclerosis | [arteri/o scler/o -osis (abnormal condition / artery / hardening)] -- Hardening of an artery with collection of fatty plaque. |
| artery | Largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of body. (Artery =Away) |
| atherectomy | Removal of plaque (lipids and clots) that accumulate in lining of an artery. |
| atheroma | Mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery. |
| atherosclerosis | Fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining of an arter, a form of arteriosclerosis. |
| atria | (plural) Both upper chambers of the heart. |
| atrial | Pertaining to an atrium (upper chamber of the heart) |
| atrial fibrilation | [AF] -- Electrical impulses move randomly through the atria causing atrial to quiver instead of contracting in a coordinated rhythm. |
| atrioventricular block | [bradycardia and heart block] -- Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) |
| atrioventricular node | [AV node] -- Specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. Electrical impulses pass from pacemaker (SA node) through the AV node and bundle of His toward the ventricles. |
| atrium | (singular) One of the two upper chambers of the heart. |
| auscultation | Listening for sounds in the chest and abdomen using a stethoscope. |
| AV | [AV node] |
| beta blocker | Drug used to treat high blood pressure and control heart rate. |
| biventricular pacemaker | Device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the heart. |
| BNP test | [Brain Natriuretic Peptide test] -- test to measure BNP in blood; BNP is elevated in heart failure. |
| BP | [Blood Pressure] |
| bruit | Abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard on auscultation of an artery or an organ. |
| CABG | [Coronary artery bypass grafting] |
| calcium channel blocker | Cardiovascular drug used to treat chest pain (angina) and high blood pressure(hypertension). |
| capillary | Smallest type of blood vessel. Materials pass to and from bloodstream through the thin capillary walls. |
| carbon dioxide | [CO2] -- Gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart and then the lungs for exhalation. |
| cardiac arrest | Sudden, unexpected stoppage of the heart; sudden cardiac death. |
| cardiac biomarkers | Chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack. |
| cardiac catheterization | Thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery. Contraast material is introduced, then blood pressure is measured and x-rays taken to image patterns of blood flow. |
| cardiac MRI | Images of the heart are produced with magnetic waves. |
| cardiac tamponade | Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space. |
| cardioversion | Treatment for serious arrhythmias using brief discharges of electricity to shock the heart so that a normal rhythm can begin; defibrillation |
| carotid arteries | Two common carotid arteries located on each side of the neck branch from the aorta and provide blood to head, neck, and brain. |
| catheter ablation | Brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias. |
| CHF | [congestive heart failure] |
| claudication | Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest. |
| coarctation of the aorta | Congenital anomaly in which a portion of the aorta near the heart is narrowed. |
| computerized tomography angiography | CT technique to visualize arterial and venous vesssels throughout the body. |
| congenital heart disease | Structural heart defects that appear at birth. |
| congestive heart failure | Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood. |
| coronary arteries | Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. |
| coronary artery bypass grafting | [CABG (cabbage)] -- Arteries or veins are grafted onto coronary arteries to bypass blocked arteries and bring blood supply to the myocardium. |
| coronary artery disease | [CAD] -- Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become clogged and blocked with deposits of fatty material and cholesterol (plaque). |
| deep vein thrombosis | [DVT] -- Blood clots form in a large vein, usually in the leg. |
| defibrillation | Brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation) |
| deoxygenated blood | Blood that is oxygen poor. |
| diastole | Relaxation phase of the heartbeat (from Greek diastole = dilation) |
| digital subtraction angiography | Video equipment, computer, and x-ray machine produce images of blood vessels before and after injecting contrast material. |
| digoxin | Drug that increases the strength and regularity of the heartbeat. (lecture: has several issues apparently?) |
| Doppler ultrasound | Method of focusing sound waves on blood vessels to measure blood flow. |
| dysrhythmia | Abnormal heart rhythm (plural: dysrhythmias) |
| ECG | [electrocardiography] |
| Echo | [echocardiography] |
| echocardiography | Sound waves are used to image the structure of the heart. |
| EKG | [electrocardiography] |
| electrocardiogram | Record of the electricity within the heart. |
| electrocardiography | Process of recording the electricity within the heart. |
| electron beam computed tomography | Electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early coronary artery disease. |
| emboli | (plural) Clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel. |
| embolus | (singular) Clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel. |
| endarterectomy | Surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery. |
| endocarditis | Inflammation of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart) |
| endocardium | Inner lining of the heart. |
| endothelium | Innermost lining of the blood vessels. |
| extracorporeal circulation | Use of a heart-lung machine to divert blood from the heart and lungs during open-heart surgery. |
| fibrillation | Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350+ beats per minute) |
| flutter | Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria. |
| heart block | Abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly (bradycardia) because of interruption of electrical signals. |
| heart transplantation | Donor heart is transferred to a recipient. |
| hemorrhoids | Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region. |
| high density lipoprotein | [HDL] |
| Holter monitoring | Compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during an extended period to detect cardiac arrhythmias. |
| hypercholesterolemia | High levels of cholesterol in the blood. |
| hypertension | [HTN] -- High blood pressure. |
| hypertensive heart disease | High blood pressure affecting the heart. |
| hypoxia | Deficiency of oxygen in tissues |
| implantable cardioverter defibrillator | [ICD] -- Small electric device implanted inside the chest (hear the collarbone) to sense arrhythmias and terminate them to restore normal sinus rhythm. |
| infarction | Area of dead tissue. |
| interventricular septum | Wall between the ventricles of the heart. |
| ischemia | Condition of holding back blood from an organ or tissue. |
| left ventricular assist device | [LVAD] -- Booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a tube inserted into the left ventricle. An LVAD is a "bridge to transplate" or destination therapy when heart transplantation is impossible. |
| lipid tests | Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a sample of blood. |
| lipoprotein electrophoresis | Lipoproteins (fat/protein combo) are physically separated in a blood sample. Examples of lipoproteins are HDL (high density lipoprotein) and LDL (low density lipoprotein) |
| low density lipoprotein | [LDL] |
| MI | [myocardial infarction] |
| mitral stenosis | Narrowing of the mitral tube. |
| mitral valve | [bicuspid valve] -- Valve between left atrium (blood incoming from lungs) and the left ventricle (to aorta) |
| mitral valve prolapse | Abnormal closure of the mitral valve so that blood refluxes backward into the left atrium. |
| mitral valvulitis | Inflammation of the mitral valve. |
| murmur | Abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves. |
| myocardial infarction | Area of dead (necrotic) tissue in the heart muscle; heart attack. |
| myocardium | Muscular middle layer of the heart. |
| myxoma | Benign tumour of connective tissue in the heart muscle. |
| nitrates | Drugs used in the treatment of angina. They dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue. |
| nitroglycerin | Drug used in the treatment of angina. It dilates coronary arteries so that more blood flows to the heart muscle. |
| normal sinus rhythm | Heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100 beats per minute. |
| occlusion | Blockage or obstruction. |
| oxygen | Gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells. |
| pacemaker | [sinoatrial node] -- Specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. |
| palpitations | Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias; feeling that your heart is fluttering or pounding. |
| patent | Open |
| patent ductus arteriosus | The ductus arteriosus, a small duct that is open during fetal circulation, fails to close at birth. |
| percutaneous coronary intervention | [PCI] -- A catheter with a balloon and stent is inserted into a coronary artery to remove collections of plaque. Drug-eluting stents release chemicals to keep debris and plaque from collecting. |
| pericardial friction rub | Scraping or grating sound heard on aucultation of the heart. It is usually symptomatic of pericarditis. |
| pericardiocentesis | Surgical punction to remove fluid from the pericardial space surrounding the heart. |
| pericarditis | Inflammation of the pericardium (double-layered outer-most membrane of the heart) |
| pericardium | Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart. |
| peripheral vascular disease | Blockage of blood vessels outside the heart. |
| petechiae | [peh-tee-kee] -- Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages caused by emboli in small vessels of the skin (pg 396) |
| phlebotomy | Incision of a vein (for removal of blood) |
| positron emission tomography of the heart | Images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive substances; PET scan of heart. |
| pulmonary artery | Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs. |
| pulmonary circulation | Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. |
| pulmonary valve | Valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. |
| pulmonary vein | One of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. |
| pulse | Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries. |
| Raynaud disease | Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis in fingers and toes caused by blood vessel spasms. |
| SA | [sinoatrial node] -- Heart's natural pacemaker. |
| septal defects | Small holes, present at birth, in the walls between the heart chambers. |
| septum | Partition or wall dividing a cavity. ie: between left and right atria (interatrial septum) and right and left ventricles (interventricular septum) |
| sinoatrial node | [SA node] -- Pacemaker for the heart. |
| sphygmomanometer | Instrument to measure blood pressure. |
| statins | Drugs given to lower cholesterol in the blood. |
| stethoscope | Instrument for listening to sounds in the chest. |
| stress test | Excercise Tolerance Test (ETT) is used to determine the heart's response to physical exertion. |
| systemic circulation | Flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues. |
| systole | Contraction phase of the heartbeat. |
| tachycardia | Rapid heartbeat. |
| thrill | Vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery) |
| thrombolysis | Destruction of a clot. |
| thrombophlebitis | Inflammation ofa vein associated with the formation of a thrombus. |
| thrombotic occlusion | Blockage of a blood vessel caused by thrombosis or clot formation. |
| transcatheter aortic valve replacement | [TAVR] -- Placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter. |
| tricuspid valve | Located between right atrium and right ventricle. Has three leaflets, or cusps. |
| valve | Structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction. |
| valvotomy | Incision of a valve. |
| valvuloplasty | Surgical repair of a valve. |
| varicose veins | Swollen, twisted veins, often occuring in the legs. |
| vascular | Pertaining to blood vessels. |
| vasocontriction | Narrowing of a blood vessel. |
| vasodilation | Widening of a blood vessel. |
| vegetations | Collections of clotted material that accumuate on endocardium and valves of the heart in conditions such as endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease. |
| vein | Thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart. Veins contain valves to prevent backflow of blood. |
| vena cava | (singular) Largest vein in the body. The superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart. |
| venae cavae | (plural of vena cava) |
| venipuncture | Incision of a vein to remove blood. |
| venous | Pertaining to a vein. |
| ventricle | One of the two lower chambers of the heart. |
| ventricular fibrillation | [VF] -- Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles. May result in sudden cardiac death or cardiac arrest. |
| venule | [ven/o -ule (small / vein)] -- Small vein. |
| right bundle branch | part of atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) that runs along interventricular septum in the right ventricle. [dict] |
| thrombolytic therapy | Treatment with drugs to break down clots that may abnormally form in blood vessels. |
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