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Chabner12-Ch07Vocab
Chabner, Language of Medicine 12th Ed, Chapter 07 - Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acetone | A type of ketone body formed when fatty acids are broken down in the liver. |
| albuminuria | Protein in the urine. |
| antidiuretic hormone | Pituitary gland hormone that stimulates the kidney to decrease production of urine, preventing excess loss of water. Also called vasopressin. |
| anuria | Suppression of urine formation. |
| arteriole | [arteri/o -ole (small artery)] |
| azotemia | Excess nitrogenous waste products in the blood; a.k.a. uremia |
| bacteriuria | Bacteria in the urine. |
| BUN | [Blood Urea Nitrogen] -- Measurement of urea levels in the blood. |
| C&S | [Culture and Sensitivity testing] -- to determine antibiotic effectiveness against bacteria grown from a patient's urine specimen. |
| calciferol | Active form of Vitamin D, secreted by the kidney |
| caliceal | Pertaining to the calyx (cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis) |
| caliectasis | Dilation or widening of a calyx. Occurs when urine is backed up in the kidney as in hydronephrosis. |
| calyces | (plural) cup-like collecting region of renal pelvis. |
| calyx | (singular) cup-like collecting region of renal pelvis. |
| catheter | Tube for injecting or removing fluid |
| cortex | Outer region of an organ. |
| cortical | [cortic/o -al (pertaining to cortex)] -- |
| creatinine | Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. Product of muscle metabolism. |
| creatinine clearance | (test) Measurement of the rate at which a creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney. |
| CT urography | X-ray images of kidney obtained using CT. |
| cystectomy | Excision (removal) of the urinary bladder. |
| cystitis | Inflammation of the urinary bladder |
| cystoscopy | Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope) |
| cystostomy | New opening of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body |
| diabetes insipidus | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH. (abbrev: DI) |
| diabetes mellitus | Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effect. (abbrev: DM) |
| diuresis | Increased excretion of urine by the kidneys. |
| dysuria | Painful urination. |
| edema | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces. |
| electrolyte | Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. |
| enuresis | Bedwetting; literally, "in urine" |
| erythropoietin | [erythr/o -poietin (substance that forms / red)] -- Hormone secreted by kidney to stimulate production of red blood cells. |
| essential hypertension | High blood pressure due to not apparent cause. |
| filtration | Process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter. |
| glomerular capsule | Enclosing stucture surrounding each glomerulus. a.k.a. Bowman's Capsule. Collects material filtered from blood. |
| glomeruli | (plural) Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney. |
| glomerulonephritis | Inflammation of the glomuruli within the kidney. |
| glomerulus | (singular) Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney. |
| glycosuria | Sugar in the urine. |
| hematuria | Blood in the urine. |
| hemodialysis | uses an artificial kidney machine that filters the blood externally. |
| hilum | Depression in the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave. |
| hydronephrosis | Abnormal condition of excess backup of fluid (urine) in the kidneys. |
| hyperkalemia | Condition of high concentration of potassium in the blood. |
| hypernatremia | Abnormally high concentration of sodium in the blood. |
| interstitial | between cells in tissue. |
| interstitial nephritis | Inflammation of connective tissue that lies between renal tubules. |
| intravesical | Within the urinary bladder. |
| IVP | [IntraVenous Pyelogram] |
| K+ | [Potassium electrolyte] |
| ketonuria | Presence of ketones in the urine. Common in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. |
| ketosis | Accumulation of large quantities of ketone bodies (acetones) in the blood; ketoacidosis |
| kidney | One of two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region. |
| KUB | [Kidney, Ureters, and Bladder] -- x-ray examination of the Kidneys, Ureter, and Bladder. |
| lithotripsy | Urinary tract stones are crushed. |
| meatal stenosis | Narrowing of the meatus leading from the urethra to the outside of the body. |
| meatus | opening or canal. |
| medulla | Inner region of an organ. |
| medullary | Pertaining to the medulla (inner region) of an organ. |
| micturition | see: urination |
| MRI urography | Process of taking MRI images of the urinary tract after injecting contrast. |
| Na+ | [Sodium electrolyte] |
| nephrolithiasis | Kidney stones. a.k.a. renal calculi |
| nephrolithotomy | Incision of the kidney to remove a stone. |
| nephron | Functional unit of the kidney. Combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place. |
| nephropathy | Disease of the kidney. |
| nephroptosis | Prolapse of the kidney; floating or wandering kidney. |
| nephrostomy | Opening from the kidney to the outside of the body. |
| nephrotic syndrome | Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine. (a.k.a. nephrosis) |
| nitrogenous waste | Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in the urine. i.e. urea, uric acide, and creatinine. |
| nocturia | Urinary frequency at night. |
| oliguria | Scanty urination. |
| paranephric | Pertaining to beside or near a kidney. |
| parenchyma | essential main functioning tissues. Lungs: alveolar tissue. Kidney: nephrons. etc. |
| peritoneal dialysis | uses a catheter to introduce fluid to the peritoneal cavity. Waste materials such as urea filter out of the peritoneal capillaries into the fluid, which is the removed. |
| phenylketonuria | [PKU] -- Excess of phenylketones in the urine; diagnosed by a PKU test at birth. |
| polycystic kidney disease | Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney. |
| polydipsia | Great thirst as symptom of disease (ie: diabetes) [dict] |
| polyuria | Excessive urination. |
| potassium | Electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained in the blood. Essential for muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses. (K if from Kalium in German) |
| pyelogram | a form of imaging of the renal pelvis and ureter. |
| pyelolithotomy | Incision to remove a stone from the renal pelvis of the kidney. |
| pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma |
| pyuria | Pus in urine; sign of urinary tract infection (UTI) |
| reabsorption | Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into bloodstream. |
| renal angiography | x-ray examination (with contrast) of blood vessels of the kidney. |
| renal angioplasty | Dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries using a balloon. |
| renal artery | Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney. |
| renal calculi | Kidney stones. a.k.a. nephrolithiasis |
| renal cell carcinoma | Cancerous tumour of the kidney in adulthood. |
| renal colic | Severe pain resulting from stones in a ureter or in the kidney. |
| renal failure | Decrease in excretion of wastes rsults from impaired filtration function. |
| renal hypertension | High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease. |
| renal ischemia | Condition in which blood is held back from the kidney; often by blockage of renal arteries and arterioles. |
| renal pelvis | Central collecting region (of urine) of the kidney. |
| renal transplantation | Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient. |
| renal tubule | Microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration. |
| renal vein | Blood vessel that carries filtered blood away from the kidney and toward heart. |
| renin | Hormone synthesized, stored, and secreted by the kidney to raise blood pressure. |
| retrograde pyelogram | x-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through urinary catheter via bladder. |
| secondary hypertension | High blood pressure caused by kidney disease or other disorders. |
| sodium | Electrolyte regulated by kidneys. Needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other functions. (is Natrium in German) |
| stricture | Narrowing of a tubular structure in the body. |
| trigone | Triangular area in the urinary bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits. |
| trigonitis | Inflammation of the trigone of the urinary bladder. |
| UA | [Urinalysis] |
| urea | Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. |
| uremia | Excessive amounts of urea or other nitrogenous wastes in the blood. |
| ureter | tube leading from each kidney to the urinary bladder |
| ureteroileostomy | New opening of the ureters to a portion of ileum, removed from its normal position and connected to the outside of the body. |
| ureteroneocystostomy | Surgical transplantation ofa ureter to a new site in the urinary bladder. |
| ureteroplasty | Surgical repair of the ureter. |
| uric acid | Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. |
| urinalysis | tests include: Colour, appearance, pH, protein, glucose, sp gr, ketone bodies, sediment and casts, PKU, and bilirubin |
| urinary bladder | Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine. |
| urinary incontinence | Involuntary passage of urine. |
| urinary retention | Inability to pass urine, which is held back in the urinary bladder. |
| urination | Process of expelling urine. (a.k.a. micturition or voiding) |
| UTI | [Urinary Tract Infection] |
| vesicoureteral reflux | Backflow of urine from the urinary bladder to the ureters. |
| voiding | see: urination |
| voiding cystourethrogram | x-ray image (with contrast) of urinary bladder and urethra obtained while patient is voiding. |
| Wilms tumor | Malignant tumour of the kidney occuring in children. |
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