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Chabner12-Ch05vocab
Chabner, Language of Medicine 12th Ed, Chapter 05 - Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| absorption | Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream |
| achalasia | [a- chalasia (not / relaxation)] -- Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax. |
| achlorhydria | [a- chlorhydr/o -ia (pertaining to / no / HCl)] -- |
| amino acids | Small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested. |
| amylase | [amyl/o -ase (enzyme / starch)] -- Enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch (amyl/o) |
| anal fistula | Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus. |
| anastomosis | [ana- stom/o -osis (condition / up / opening)] -- Surgical connection between two structures. |
| anorexia | [an- -orexia (no / appetite)] -- lack of appetite |
| anus | Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body |
| aphthous stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers. |
| appendectomy | [append/o -ectomy (excision / appendix)] -- |
| appendicitis | [appendic/o -itis (inflammation / appendix)] -- |
| appendix | Blind pouch hanging from the cecum (RLQ). |
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
| bile | Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. |
| biliary | [bil/i -ary (pertaining to / bile)] -- |
| bilirubin | Pigment released by the liver in bile. |
| borborygmi | rumbling or gurgling noises produced by movement of gas, fluid, or both in gastrointestinal tract |
| bowel | Intestine |
| buccal mucosa | [bucc/o -al (pertaining to / cheek) mucosa] -- |
| canine teeth | Pointed, dog-like teeth next to incisors. a.k.a. cuspids or eyeteeth |
| cecal | [cec/o -al (pertaining to / cecum)] -- |
| cecum | First part of the large intestine |
| celiac | [celi/o -ac (pertaining to / abdomen)] -- |
| cheilosis | [cheil/o -osis (condition / lip)] -- |
| cholecystectomy | [cholecyst/o -ectomy (excision / gallbladder)] -- |
| choledochojejunostomy | [choledoch/o jejun/o -ostomy (mouth / CBD / jejunum)] -- |
| choledocholithiasis | [choledoch/o -lithiasis (condition of stones / CBD)] -- |
| choledochotomy | [choledoch/o -tomy (incision / CBD)] -- |
| cholelithiasis | Gallstones in the gallbladder. |
| cirrhosis | Chronic degenerative disease of the liver. |
| colon | Portion of the large intestine consiting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments. |
| colonic | [colon/o -ic (pertaining to / colon)] -- |
| colonic polyps | Polyps (benigh growth) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon. |
| colonoscopy | [colon/o -scopy (visual examination / colon)] -- |
| colorectal cancer | Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both. |
| colostomy | [col/o -stomy (new opening / colon)] -- |
| common bile duct | Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. a.k.a. choledochus |
| constipation | difficulty in passing stools (faeces) |
| Crohn's disease | Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. |
| defecation | Elimination of faeces from the digestive tract through the anus. |
| deglutition | Swallowing. |
| dental caries | Tooth decay. |
| dentibuccal | [dent/i bucc/o -al (pertaining to / teeth / cheek)] -- |
| dentin | Primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root. |
| diarrhea | [dia- -rrhea (complete / discharge)] -- Frequent passage of loose, watery stools. |
| digestion | Breakdown of complex foods into simpler forms. |
| diverticula | outpouchings in intestinal wall. |
| diverticulosis | Abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon. |
| duodenal | [duoden/o -al (pertaining to / duodenum)] -- |
| duodenum | First part of the small intestine. (from duodeni - in 12's - length of 12 fingers historically) |
| dysentery | Painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection. |
| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing |
| elimination | Removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as faeces. |
| emulsification | Breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules. (Increases surface area for digestion) |
| enamel | Hard, outermost layer of a tooth. |
| endodontist | [endo- odont/o -ist (specialist / outside / tooth)] -- Specialist of dental pulp (inner part of tooth) |
| enterocolitis | [enter/o col/o -itis (inflammation / intestine / colon)] -- |
| enzyme | Chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances. Enzyme names end in -ase. |
| eructation | Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth. |
| esophageal | [esophag/o -eal (pertaining to esophagus)] -- |
| esophageal cancer | Malignant tumor of the esophagus. |
| esophageal varices | Swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus. |
| esophagus | [eso- phag/o -us (structure / inward / swallowing)] -- Tube connecting the throat to the stomach. |
| etiology | [eti/o -logy (study / cause)] -- |
| facial | [faci/o -al (pertaining to / face)] -- |
| fatty acids | Substances produced when fats are digested. |
| feces | Solid wastes; stool. |
| flatus | Gas expelled through the anus. |
| gallbladder | Small sac under the liver; stores bile. |
| gastric cancer | Malignant tumor of the stomach. |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease | Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach. |
| gastrointestinal tract | [gastro- {intestine} -al tract (pertaining to / stomach / intestines) tract] -- |
| gastrojejunostomy | [gastro- jejun/o -stomy (new opening / stomach / jejunum)] -- |
| gastrostomy | [gastro- -stomy (new opening / stomach)] -- |
| gingivitis | [gingiv/o -itis (inflammation / gums)] -- |
| gluconeogenesis | [gluc/o ne/o -genesis (forming / sugar / new)] -- |
| glucose | simple sugar |
| glycogen | Starch; glucose stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells. |
| glycogenolysis | [glycogen/o -lysis (breakdown / animal starch)] -- |
| hematochezia | [hemat/o -chezia (defecation / blood)] -- Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum |
| hemorrhoids | Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region. |
| hepatocellular carcinoma | Liver cancer. |
| hepatoma | [hepat/o -oma (tumor / liver)] -- |
| hepatomegaly | [hepat/o -megaly (enlargement / liver)] -- |
| herpetic stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with herpes virus. |
| hiatal hernia | stomach protrudes upward into mediastinum |
| hydrochloric acid | Strong acid produced in the stomach; aids digestion. |
| hyperbilirubinemia | [hyper- bilirubin/o -emia (blood condition / excessive / bilirubin)] -- a.k.a. jaundice |
| hyperglycemia | [hyper- glyc/o -emia (blood condition / excessive / sugar)] -- |
| hypoglossal | [hypo- gloss/o -al (pertaining to / deficient / tongue)] -- |
| icterus | a.k.a. jaundice |
| idiopathic | [idi/o path/o -ic (pertaining to / unknown / disease)] -- |
| ileitis | [ile/o -itis (inflammation / ileum)] -- |
| ileocecal sphincter | [ile/o -cec/o -al (pertaining to / ileum / cecum) sphincter] -- sphincter between ileum and the cecum (first part of colon) |
| ileostomy | [ile/o -stomy (new opening / ileum)] -- |
| ileum | 3rd portion of small intestine, between jejunum and caecum |
| ileus | Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines. |
| incisor | Any one of the four front teeth in the dental arch. |
| inflammatory bowel disease | Inflammation of the colon and small intestine. (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) |
| inguinal hernia | [inguin/o -al (pertaining to / groin) hernia] -- |
| insulin | Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. Helps transport sugar into body cells. |
| intussusception | Telescoping of the intestines. |
| irritable bowel syndrome | Group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) without structural abnormalities in the intestines. |
| jaundice | Yellow-orange colouration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia) |
| jejunum | 2nd portion of small intestine. jeh-JU-num |
| labial | [labi/o -al (pertaining to / lips)] -- |
| laparoscopy | [lapar/o -scopy (visual examination / abdomen)] -- visual examination of the abdominal cavity |
| LES | [Lower Esophageal Sphincter] -- |
| lipase | Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats. |
| lipoma | [lip/o -oma (mass / fat)] -- |
| lithogenesis | [lith/o -genesis (condition of producing / stone)] -- |
| liver | Large organ located in RUQ of the abdomen. Secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out red blood cells; and filters out toxins. |
| lower esophageal sphincter | Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. a.k.a. cardiac sphincter |
| mastication | Chewing. |
| melena | Black, tarry stools: faeces containing digested blood. |
| mesentery | Fold of membrane that attaches intestine to the wall around the stomach area and holds it in place. |
| molar teeth | Three large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth on either side of dental arch. |
| nausea | Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit. |
| oral | [or/o -al (pertaining to mouth)] -- |
| oral leukoplakia | White plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth. |
| orthodontist | [orth/o dont/o -ist (specialist / straight / tooth)] -- |
| palate | Roof of the mouth. Hard palate lies anterior to soft palate and is supported by maxilla (upper jawbone). |
| palatopharyngoplasty | [palat/o pharyng/o -plasty (surgical repair / palate / pharynx)] -- |
| palatoplasty | [palat/o -plasty (surgical repair / palate)] -- |
| pancreas | Organ behind the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and several enzymes (for digestion of foods) |
| pancreatic cancer | Malignant tumor of the pancreas. |
| pancreatitis | Inflammation of the pancreas. |
| papillae | Small projections on the tongue. Taste buds (taste receptor cells) are located within the papillae. |
| parenteral | [par/a enter/o -al (pertaining to ] -- |
| parotid gland | Salivary gland within the cheek, j ust anterior to the ear. |
| peptic ulcer | Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. |
| perianal | [peri- an/o -al (pertaining to / surrounding / anus)] -- |
| periodontal disease | Inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth, and surrounding bone. |
| periodontist | [peri- odont/o -ist (specialist / surrounding / tooth)] -- |
| peristalsis | [peri- -stalsis (contraction / surrounding)] -- Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs. |
| peritonitis | [periton/o -itis (inflammation / peritoneum)] -- |
| pharyngeal | [pharyng/o -eal] -- pertaining to the pharynx |
| pharynx | Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose. |
| portal vein | Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines. |
| postprandial | [post- -prandial (pertaining to eating / after)] -- |
| premolar teeth | two teeth before the molars. |
| proctologist | [proct/o log/o -ist (specialist / anus & rectum / study)] -- |
| protease | [prote/o -ase (enzyme protein)] -- Enzyme that digests protein. |
| pulp | Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels. |
| pyloric sphincter | Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. |
| pyloroplasty | [pylor/o -plasty (surgical repair / pyloric sphincter)] -- |
| pylorus | Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum. |
| pyorrhea | [py/o -rrhea (discharge / pus)] -- |
| rectocele | hernia of the rectum |
| rectum | Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus. |
| rugae | Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach. |
| saliva | Digestive juice produced by the salivary glands. Contains amylase which converts starch to sugar. |
| salivary glands | Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands. |
| sialadenitis | [sialaden/o -itis (inflammation / salivary glands)] -- |
| sialolith | [sial/o -lith (stone ; saliva)] -- |
| sigmoid colon | Loser, S-shaped section of the colon, just before the rectum. Empties into rectum. |
| sigmoidoscopy | [sigmoid/o -scopy (visual examination / sigmoid colon)] -- |
| sphincter | Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening. |
| steatorrhea | Fat in the faeces. |
| stomach | Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. Three parts: fundus (proximal), body (middle), antrum (distal). |
| stomatitis | [stomat/o -itis (inflammation / mouth)] -- |
| sublingual | [sub- lingu/o -al (pertaining to / under / tongue)] -- |
| submandibular | [sub- mandibul/o -ar (pertaining to / under / mandible)] -- |
| triglycerides | Fat molecules composed of 3 parts fatty acids and one part glycerol. Subgroup of lipids. |
| ulcerative colitis | Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers. |
| uvula | Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate. |
| uvulectomy | [uvul/o -ectomy (excision / uvula)] -- |
| villi | Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream. |
| viral hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus. |
| volvulus | [vol/o ??? -us (structure / roll / ???)] -- Twisting of the intestine on itself. |
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