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APWH Unit5 Vocab
☼︎☜︎✞︎⚐︎☹︎🕆︎❄︎✋︎⚐︎☠︎💧︎ 🕆︎☠︎✋︎❄︎
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Enlightenment | Intellectual and philosophical movement from Europe that stressed reason, individualism, freedom, and self-determination in 1700s |
| Thomas Hobbes | Political philosopher who advocated absolute monarchy as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) |
| John Locke | English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. (1632-1704) |
| Social Contract | Idea that individuals enter into compromise with a strong and central government in which they give up some rights in exchange for protection and social benefit |
| Capitalism | Economic system where the means of production (factories, machines, resources) are privately owned and operated for individual profit |
| Nationalism | A movement promoting the interests of a particular nation based on pride in shared language, customs, and backgrounds |
| American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence from 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. (1776-1781) |
| French Revolution | The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. |
| Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) | Slaves and freed black Haitians successfully fought against the French to gain independence and abolish slavery |
| Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) | Venezuelan creole who fought against the Spanish and established the independent area called Gran Colombia |
| Propaganda Movement (late 1800s) | Organization of Filipino students calling for more Filipino autonomy from Spain |
| Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) | The transition to new manufacturing processes leading to widespread social and economic change beginning in Europe |
| Water Frame (1769) | A machine that uses waterpower to drive the spinning wheel |
| Interchangeable Parts (1798) | Eli Whitney's system of manufacturing that made parts of firearms identical so if one broke, it could be easily replaced |
| Urbanization | Movement of people from rural areas to cities |
| Enclosure Movement | Land that used to be known as the "commons" due to public use is fenced off and sold to individuals by the government |
| Company Rule (1757-1858) | Britain's East India company ruling over India |
| Steam Engine (1765) | A machine made by James Watts that harnesses the power of coal to create steam to generate energy |
| Second Industrial Revolution (1800s-1900s) | Industrialization that produced things such as steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics |
| Transcontinental Railroad (1869) | Railroad that connected Atlantic and Pacific oceans in the US |
| Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) | Credited with creating the first practical telephone |
| Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) | Governor of the Egypt under the Ottoman empire |
| Commodore Matthew Perry (1853) | Commodore of US navy who is credited with opening Japan up to foreign trade in the 1853 |
| Meiji Restoration (1868) | Restored the power of the emperor and centralized government in Japan |
| Corporation | Business chartered by a government to make it a legal entity |
| Stockholders | Individuals who buy partial ownership of a company through the stock market |
| Transnational Companies | A company that operates across national borders |
| Consumerism | A social and economic movement focused on the growth of buying goods and services |
| Monopoly | One company controlling a specific business and elimination of competition |
| Labor Union | Organizations of workers who fought for the right to bargain and make contracts with employers |
| Utilitarianism | A philosophy championed by John Stuart Mill that focuses on the good of the majority of people |
| Karl Marx (1818-1883) | German scholar who encouraged socialism and communism |
| Tanzimat (1839-1876) | Reforms in the Ottoman Empire taking place after Mahmud II began making changes |
| Self Strengthening Movement (late 1800s) | Chinese reform effort focused mainly on the military and economy |
| Genros | Elder statesmen in Japan who helped advise the emperor |
| Slums | Areas of cities where low income families lived in generally poor conditions |
| Working Class | The bottom rung of the social hierarchy who had to work in factories and mines to survive |
| White Collar | The new middle class who had education and skills to become professionals, small business owners, and factory managers |
| Mass Production | Manufacture of large amounts of goods through industrial technology and assembly lines |
| Natural Rights | the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property. A theory often discussed by John Locke. |
| Suffrage | the right to vote in political elections |
| Reign of Terror | the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed; led by Robespierre who tried rebels and had them executed often by guillotine |
| Realpolitik | practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles; utilized by Otto von Bismarck to unify Germany |
| Spinning Jenny | This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production; conceived c. 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. |
| Laissez-faire economics | hands off approach to economic development; the government should limit its interference in the economy |
| Communism | a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs |
| Socialism | a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole |
| Proletariat | Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production |
| Bourgeoisie | the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people |
| Labor Union | an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. |
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