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Ch. 8-9
Ch. 8 Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alveol- | air sac (S) |
| alveolus (plural?) | Terminal element of respiratory tract where gas exchange occurs. Latin for hollow sac. Plural - alveoli |
| bronchus (plural?) | One of the two subdivisions of the trachea. Greek for windpipe. Plural - bronchi |
| -ole | small (S) |
| bronchiole | Increasingly smaller subdivisions of bronchi |
| cilium (plural?) | Hairlike motile projection from the surface of a cell. Latin for eyelash. Plural - cilia |
| ex- | out (P) |
| -spirat | breath (R) |
| expiration | Breathe out |
| inspiration | Breathe in |
| olfact- | smell (R) |
| -ory | having the function of (S) |
| olfactation | Sense of smell |
| oxygen | The gas essential for life |
| pharynx | Tube from the back of the nose to the larynx. Greek for throat. |
| -eal | pertaining to |
| pharyngeal | Pertaining to the pharynx |
| rale (plural?) | Crackle heard through a stethoscope when air bubbles through liquid in the lungs. Plural - rales |
| sputum | Matter coughed up and spat out by individuals with respiratory disorders. Latin for spit. |
| trachea | Air tube from the larynx to the bronchi. Greek for windpipe. |
| -alis | pertaining to (S) |
| trachealis | Pertaining to the trachea |
| cauter- | to burn (R) |
| -ize | action (S) |
| cautery | A device to scar, burn, or cut a tissue. Greek for branding iron. |
| cauterize | To apply a cautery |
| coryza | Acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. Greek for catarrh. Also called rhinitis. |
| de- | take away, remove (P) |
| congest- | accumulation of fluid (R) |
| -ant | pertaining to (S) |
| decongestant | Agent that reduces the swelling and fluid in the nose and sinuses |
| epi- | above, upon (P) |
| stax- | fall in drops (R) |
| -is | pertaining to (S) |
| epistaxis | Nosebleed |
| nas- | nose (R) |
| naris (plural?) | Nostril Plural - nares |
| palate | Roof of the mouth, floor of the nose |
| para- | adjacent to (P) |
| paranasal | Adjacent to the nose |
| polyp | Any mass of tissue that projects outward. Latin for many feet. |
| rhinitis | Acute inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Also called coryza. |
| rhin- | nose (R) |
| septum (plural?) | Thin wall separating two cavities or tissue masses. Latin for partition. Plural - septa |
| sinus | Cavity or hollow space in a bone or other tissue. Latin cavity. |
| sinusitis | Inflammation of the lining of a sinus |
| aden- | gland (R) |
| adenoid | Single mass of lymphoid tissue in the midline at the back of the throat |
| apnea | Absence of spontaneous |
| -emia | condition of the blood |
| hypoxemia | Low oxygen in the arterial blood |
| hypoxia | Decreased below normal levels of oxygen in tissues, gases, or blood |
| laryngopharynx | Region of the pharynx below the epiglottis that includes the larynx |
| nasopharynx | Region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate |
| -eal | pertaining to |
| or/o | mouth (R) |
| oropharynx | Region at the back of the mouth between the soft palate and the tip of the epiglottis |
| pharyngitis | Inflammation of the pharynx |
| somn/o | sleep (R) |
| polysomnography | Test to monitor brain waves, muscle tension, eye movement, and oxygen levels in the blood as the patient sleeps |
| tonsil | Mass of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat at the back of the tongue |
| tonsilitis | Inflammation of the tonsils |
| tonsillectomy | Surgical removal of the tonsils |
| croup | Infection of the upper airways in children characterized by a barking cough. Old English for to cry out loud. |
| laryngotracheobronchitis | Another name for croup |
| -glottis | mouth of windpipe (R) |
| epiglottis | Leaf-shaped plate of cartilage that shuts off the larynx during swallowing |
| glottis | The opening from the oropharynx into the larynx |
| intubation | Insertion of a tube into the trachea |
| larynx | Organ of sound production |
| -eal | pertaining to (S) |
| laryngoscope | Hollow tube with a light and camera used to visualize or operate on the larynx |
| papilla (plural?) | Any small projection. Latin for small pimple. Plural - papillae |
| papilloma | Benign projection of epithelial cells |
| stridor | High-pitched noise made when there is a respiratory obstruction in the larynx or trachea. Latin for harsh, creaking sound. |
| vocal | Pertaining to the voice |
| diaphragm | The muscular sheet separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities |
| fiss- | split (R) |
| -ure | process, result of (S) |
| fissure (plural?) | Deep furrow or cleft Plural - fissures |
| lobe | Subdivision of an organ or other part |
| mediastinum | Area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea |
| pleura (plural?) | Membrane covering the lungs and lining the ribs in the thoracic cavity. Plural - pleurae |
| -isy | inflammation (S) |
| pleurisy | Inflammation of the pleura |
| segment | A section of an organ or structure. Latin to cut. |
| brady- | slow (P) |
| -pnea | breathe (R) |
| bradypnea | Slow breathing |
| cyan- | dark blue (R) |
| -osis | condition (S) |
| cyanosis | Blue discoloration of the skin, lips, and nail beds due to low levels of oxygen in the blood |
| dys- | bad, difficult (P) |
| dyspnea | Difficult breathing |
| eu- | normal, good (P) |
| eupnea | Normal breathing |
| -hale | breathe (R) |
| -ate | pertaining to (S) |
| expectorate | Cough up and spit out mucus from the respiratory tract |
| -ptysis | spit (S) |
| hemoptysis | Bloody sputum |
| hyperpnea | Deeper and more rapid breathing than normal |
| phlegm | Abnormal amounts of mucus expectorated from the respiratory tract. Greek for flame |
| tachy- | rapid (P) |
| tachypnea | Rapid breathing |
| asthma | Episodes of difficult breathing due to narrowed or obstructed airways |
| -atic | pertaining to (S) |
| auscult- | listen to (R) |
| auscultation | Diagnostic method of listening to body sounds with a stethoscope |
| -ectasis | dilation (S) |
| bronchiectasis | Chronic dilatation of the bronchi following inflammatory disease and obstruction |
| bronchiolitis | Inflammation of the small bronchioles |
| bronchoconstriction | Reduction in diameter of a bronchus |
| bulla (plural?) | Bubble-like dilated structure. Latin for bubble, Plural - bullae |
| -osis | abnormal condition (S) |
| cystic fibrosis | Genetic disease in which excessive viscid mucus obstructs passages, including bronchi |
| em- | in, into (P) |
| -physema | blowing (R) |
| emphysema | Dilation of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli |
| capn- | carbon dioxide (R) |
| -ia | condition (S) |
| hypercapnia | Abnormal increase of carbon dioxide in the arterial bloodstream |
| hypersecretion | Excessive secretion of mucus (or enzymes or waste products) |
| rhonchus (plural?) | Wheezing sound heard on auscultation of the lungs; made by air passing through a constricted lumen. Plural - rhronchi |
| viscos- | viscous, sticky (R) |
| -ity | condition |
| viscosity | The resistance of a fluid to flow |
| viscous | Sticky fluid that is resistant to flow |
| aden/o- | gland (R) |
| carcin- | cancer (R) |
| adenocarcinoma | A cancer arising from glandular epithelial cells |
| anthrac- | coal (R) |
| anthracosis | Lung disease caused by the inhalation of coal dust |
| anthrax | A severe, malignant infectious disease. Greek for carbuncle. |
| asbestosis | Lung disease caused by the inhalation of asbestos particles |
| atel- | incomplete (R) |
| atelectasis | Collapse of part of a lung |
| -genic | creation (S) |
| bronchogenic | Arising from a bronchus |
| bronchopneumonia | Acute inflammation of the walls of smaller bronchioles with spread to lung parenchyma |
| py- | pus (R) |
| -ema | quality of, quantity of (S) |
| empyema | Pus in a body cavity, particularly the pleural cavity |
| hemothorax | Blood in the pleural cavity |
| parenchyma | The specific functional cells of a gland or organ that are supported by the connective tissue framework. Greek for to pour in. |
| coni- | dust (R) |
| pneum/o- | air, lung (R) |
| pneumoconiosis (plural?) | Fibrotic lung disease caused by the inhalation of different dusts. Plural - pneumoconioses |
| pneumonia | Inflammation of the lung parenchyma (tissue). Also called pneumonitis. |
| pneumothorax | Air the the pleural cavity |
| sarc- | flesh (R) |
| sarcoidosis | Granulomatous lesions of the lungs and other organs; cause iis unknown |
| silic- | silicone, glass (R) |
| silicosis | Fibrotic lung disease from inhaling silica particles |
| -centesis | to puncture (S) |
| thoracentesis | Insertion of a needle into the pleural cavity to withdraw fluid or air |
| tubercul- | nodule, swelling, tuberculosis (R) |
| tuberculosis | Infectious disease that can infect any organ or tissue |
| -scopy | to examine, view (S) |
| bronchoscopy | Examination of the interior of the tracheobronchial tree with an endoscope |
| endotracheal | Pertaining to being inside the trachea |
| mediastinoscopy | Examination of the mediastinum using an endoscope |
| spir/o- | to breathe (R) |
| -meter | measure (S) |
| spirometer | An instrument used to measure respiratory volumes |
| thoracotomy | Incision through the chest wall |
| tom/o- | cut, slice, layer (R) |
| tomography | Radiographic image of a selected slice of tissue |
| transthoracic | Going through the chest wall |
| ultra- | beyond (P) |
| son/o | sound (R) |
| ultrasonography | Delineation of deep structures using sound waves |
| bronchodilator | Agent that increases the diameter of a bronchus |
| cannula | Tube inserted into a blood vessel or cavity as a channel for fluid or gas. Latin for reed. |
| immunization | Administration of an agent to provide immunity |
| lyt- | dissolve (R) |
| mucolytic | Agent capable of dissolving or liquefying mucus |
| nebul- | cloud (R) |
| -izer | line of action, affects in a particular way (S) |
| nebulizer | Device used to deliver liquid medicine in a fine mist |
| pneumonectomy | Surgical removal of a lung |
| sect- | cut off (R) |
| resection | Removal of a specific part of an organ or structure; to resect |
| -stomy | new opening (S) |
| tracheostomy | Insertion of a tube into the windpipe to assist breathing |
| tracheotomy | Incision made into the trachea to create a tracheostomy |
| ventil- | wind (R) |
| ventilation | Movement of gases into and out of lungs |
| ventilator | Device that breathes for the patient |
| aliment- | nourishment, food (R) |
| alimentary | Pertaining to the digestive tract |
| alimentary canal | Digestive tract |
| anus | Terminal opening of the digestive tract through which feces are discharged. Latin for a ring. |
| bari- | weight (R) |
| -atric | treatment (S) |
| bariatric | Treatment of obesity |
| digestion | Breakdown of food into elements suitable for cell metabolism |
| esophagus | Tube linking the pharynx and the stomach. Greek for gullet. |
| gastr- | stomach (R) |
| gastric | Pertaining to the stomach |
| enter/o- | intestine (R) |
| gastroenterology | Medical specialty of the stomach and intestines |
| intestin- | gut, intestine (R) |
| intestine | The digestive tube from the stomach to the anus |
| lapar/o- | abdomen in general (R) |
| -scopy | to view, to examine (S) |
| laparoscopy | Examination of contents of the abdomen using an endoscope |
| nutrient | A substance in food required for normal physiologic function. Latin for to nourish. |
| -ive | nature of, pertaining to |
| amyl- | starch (R) |
| -ase | enzyme (R) |
| amylase | One of a group of enzymes that breaks down starch |
| bolus | A single mass of a substance |
| deglutit- | to swallow (R) |
| deglutition | The act of swallowing |
| elimin- | throw away (R) |
| elimination | Removal of waste materials from the digestive tract |
| enzyme | Patina, induces, changes, and other substances |
| lip- | fat |
| lipase | Breaks down fat |
| mastic- | chew (R) |
| masticate | To chew |
| -stalsis | to constrict (R) |
| peristalsis | Alternate contraction and relaxation of the intestinal wall to move food along the digestive tract |
| prot/e- | protein (R) |
| protease | Group of enzymes that breaks down protein |
| dent- | tooth (R) |
| -ine | pertaining to, substance (S) |
| dentine | Dense, ivory like substance located under the enamel in a tooth |
| enamel | Substance covering a tooth |
| mouth | External opening of a cavity or canal |
| nasopharynx | Region of the pharynx at the back of the nose, and above the soft palate |
| or- | mouth (R) |
| oral | Pertaining to the mouth |
| palate | Roof of the mouth |
| papilla (plural?) | Small projection. Plural - papillae |
| par- | beside (P) |
| -ot | ear (R) |
| -id | having a particular quality (S) |
| parotid | The parotid gland is the salivary gland besides the ear |
| pulp | Dental pulp is the connective tissue in the cavity in the center of the tooth. Latin for flesh. |
| saliva | Secretion in mouth from salivary glands. Latin for spit. |
| tongue | Mobile muscle mass in the mouth; bears is the tastebuds |
| uvula | Soft projection of the soft palate |
| aphthous | Painful, small oral ulcers. Also called canker sores. Greek for ulcer. |
| caries | Non-medical term for aphthous ulcers |
| gingiva | Tissue surrounding the teeth and covering the jaw |
| gingiv- | gum (R) |
| gingivitis | Inflammationof the gums |
| gloss/o- | tongue (R) |
| -dynia | pain (S) |
| glossodynia | Painful burning tongue |
| halitosis | Odor of the breath |
| halit- | breath (R) |
| periodontal | Around a tooth |
| periodontics | Branch of dentistry specializing in disorders of tissue around the teeth |
| plague | Patch of abnormal tissue. French for plate. |
| pyorrhea | Purulent discharge |
| py/o- | pus (R) |
| -rrhea | flow (R) |
| stomat/i- | oral cavity, mouth (R) |
| stomatitis | Inflammation of the mucous membrane in the mouth |
| tartar | Calcified deposit at the gingival margin of the teeth. Latin for crust on wine casks. |
| thrush | Infection with Candida albicans |
| asymptomatic | Without any symptoms or abnormalities experienced by the patient |
| -phagia | swallowing (R) |
| dysphagia | Difficulty and swallowing |
| emesis | Vomit |
| hematemesis | Vomiting of red blood |
| esophagus | Tube linking pharynx to stomach |
| hernia | Protrusion of a structure through the tissue that normally contains it. Latin for rupture |
| herniorrhaphy | Repair of a hernia |
| -rrhaphy | suture (S) |
| hiatus | An opening through a structure |
| hiat- | opening (R) |
| reflux | Backward flow |
| sphincter | A band of muscle than in circles and opening; when it contracts, the opening squeezes is closed |
| varix (plural?) | Dilated, tortuous vein Plural - varices |
| varicose | Characterized by or affected with varices |
| chyme | Semi fluid, partially digested food past from the stomach into the duodenum. Greek for juice. |
| duodenum | the first part of the small intestine, approximately 12 finger-breadths in length |
| gastrin | Secreted in the stomach that stimulates the secretion of HCl, and increases gastric mobility |
| hydrochloric acid (HCl) | Acid of gastric juice |
| -chlor | green (R) |
| intrinsic factor | Makes the absorption of vitamin B 12 happen |
| mucus | Sticky secretion of cells in mucous membranes |
| mucin | Protein element of mucus |
| pepsin | Ensign produced by the stomach that breaks down proteins |
| pepsinogen | Converted by HCL in the stomach to pepsin |
| pylorus | Exit area of the stomach |
| -us | pertaining to |
| -orex | appetite (R) |
| cecum | Blind pouch, that is the first part of the large intestine |
| peps- | digestion (R) |
| dyspepsia | "Upset stomach", epigastric, pain, nausea, and gas |
| gastritis | Inflammation of the lining of the stomach |
| gastroesophageal | Pertaining to the stomach and esophagus |
| gastroscope | Endoscope for examining the inside of the stomach |
| ileum | Third portion of the small intestine |
| ileocecal | Pertaining to the junction of the ileum and cecum |
| indigestion | Symptoms resulting from difficulty digesting food |
| jejunum | Segment of small intestine between the duodenum and ileum. Latin for empty. |
| peptic | Relating to the stomach and duodenum |
| perforat- | bore through (R) |
| perforation | A hole through the wall of a structure |
| stricture | Narrowing of a tube |
| celi- | abdomen (R) |
| celiac | Relating to the abdominal cavity |
| celiac disease | Disease caused by sensitivity to gluten |
| gastroenteritis | Inflammation of the stomach and intestines |
| Giardia | Parasite that can affect the small intestine |
| gluten | Insoluble protein found in wheat barley and rye. Latin for glue. |
| ileus | Dynamic or mechanical obstruction of the small intestine |
| intus- | within (P) |
| suscept- | to take up (R) |
| intussusception | The slippage of one part of the bowel inside another, causing obstruction |
| bile | Fluid secreted by the liver into the duodenum |
| bile acids | Steroids synthesized from cholesterol |
| -rubin | rust colored (S) |
| bilirubin | Bile pigment formed in the liver from hemoglobin |
| cirrh- | yellow (R) |
| cirrhosis | Extensive fibrotic liver disease |
| glycogen | The bodies principal carbohydrate reserve, stored in the liver and skeletal muscle |
| hepat- | liver (R) |
| hepatic | Pertaining to the liver |
| jaundice | Yellow staining of tissues with bile pigments, including bilirubin |
| liver | Body's largest organ, located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen |
| pedal | Pertaining to the foot |
| dia- | complete (P) |
| provisional diagnosis | A temporary diagnosis pending further examination or testing |
| chol/e- | bile (R) |
| cholecystitis | Inflammation of the gallbladder |
| choledocholithiasis | Presence of a gallstone in the common bile duct |
| cholelithiasis | Condition of having bile stones (gallstones) |
| -lith/o | stone (R) |
| endocrine | A gland that produces an internal or hormonal substance secreted into the bloodstream |
| exocrine | Gland that secretes substances outwardly through excretory ducts |
| gall- | bitter (R) |
| gallstone | Hard mass of cholesterol, calcium and bilirubin that can be formed in the gallbladder and bile duct |
| gallbladder | Receptacle on the inferior surface of the liver for storing bile |
| glucagon | Hormone that mobilizes glucose from body storage |
| -agon | to fight (R) |
| insulin | Pancreatic hormone that suppresses blood glucose levels in transports glucose into cells |
| insul- | island (R) |
| pancreas | Lobulated gland, the head of which is tucked into the curve of the duodenum. Latin for sweatbread. |
| flatus | Gas or air expelled through the anus |
| portal vein | The vein that carries blood from the intestines to the liver |
| starch | Complex carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together |
| villus (plural?) | Thin, hair like projection, particularly of a mucous membrane lining a cavity. Latin for shaggy hair. Plural - villi |
| amino acid | Basic building block for protein |
| amin/o | nitrogen containing (R) |
| chyle | Milky fluid that results from the digestion and absorption of fats into the small intestine. Greek for juice. |
| Crohn disease | Narrowing and thickening of terminal small intestine |
| dysentery | Disease with diarrhea, bowel spasms, fever, and dehydration |
| emuls- | suspend in a liquid (R) |
| emulsify | Break up into very small droplets to suspend in a solution |
| lacteal | A lymphatic vessels, caring chyle away from the intestine |
| lactose | The disaccharide in cows milk |
| lipase | Enzyme that breaks down fat |
| mineral | Can I get a compound usually found in the earths crust |
| anus | Terminal opening of the digestive track to witch feces are discharged |
| anorectal junction | The junction between the anus and rectum |
| appendix | Small, blind projection from the pouch of the cecum |
| colon | The large intestine, extending from the cecum to the rectum |
| colic | Spasmodic crampy pain in the abdomen |
| flexure | A bend in a structure |
| ileum | Third portion of the small intestine |
| rectum | Terminal part of the colon from the sigmoid to the anal canal |
| sigmoid | Sigmoid colon is shaped like an "S" |
| bowel | Another name for intestine |
| diverticul- | byroad (R) |
| diverticulum (plural?) | A pouch like opening or sack from a tubular structure. Plural - diverticula |
| diverticulosis | Presence of a number of small pouches in the wall of the large intestine |
| fissure | Deep furrow or cleft |
| fistula | Abnormal passage |
| hemorrhoid | Dilated rectal vein, producing painful anal swelling |
| -rrhoid | flow (S) |
| melena | The passage of black, tarry stools. Greek for black. |
| occult blood | Blood that cannot be seen in the stool, but is positive on a fecal occult blood test |
| Hemoccult test | Trade name for a fecal occult blood test |
| peritoneum | Membrane that lines the abdominal cavity |
| periton/e- | stretch over (R) |
| polyp | Tissue the projects into the lumen of the bowel |
| polyposis | Presence of polyps |
| proct- | rectum (R) |
| proctitis | Inflammation of the lining of the rectum |
| proctologist | A surgical specialist in diseases of the anus and rectum |
| anastom- | provides a mouth (R) |
| anastomosis (plural?) | Surgical made union between two tubular structures Plural - anastomoses |
| antacid | Agent that neutralizes acidity |
| ant- | against (P) |
| enema | Injection of a fluid into the rectum |
| ostomy | Artificial opening into a tubular structure |
| os- | mouth (R) |
| colostomy | Artificial opening from the colon to the outside of the body |
| proton pump inhibitor | Agent in the lining of the stomach that blocks the enzyme system that produces gastric acid |
| stoma | Artifical opening |
Created by:
Adam Smi.
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