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Muscle Groups
Organisation of the Body
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are muscle names based on | Size Shape Location Attachments Direction of muscle fibre Action |
| Muscles of the Scapula | Trapezius Rhomboids Levator Scapulae Latissimus Dorsi Teres Major Serratus Anterior - protraction |
| Role of Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major and Pectoralis Major | Lattimus dorsi connects between the two majors at the intertubercular sulcus They adduct and medially rotate the shoulder |
| Rotator cuff muscles | Supraspinatus - initiates first 15 degrees of abduction Infraspinatus and Teres minor laterally rotate shoulder Subscapularis medially rotates shoulder |
| Deltoid muscle | Flexes from attachment to clavicle Abducts (15-90 degrees) from attachment to acromion process Extends from attachment to spinal process |
| Functional compartments of the arm | Anterior - flexion of elbow Posterior - extension of elbow |
| Functional compartments of the forearm | Anterior - flexion of wrist and digits, common origin from medial epicondyle and perform pronation Posterior - extension of wrist and digits, common origin from lateral epicondyle and perform supination |
| Muscular compartments of the Arm | Anterior flexor compartment Lateral and Medial intermuscular septum Posterior extensor compartment |
| Anterior (flexor) compartment of the arm | Biceps Brachii - short head and long head (attach to glenoid fossa and coracoid process) insert on radial tuberosity Coracobrachialis - from coracoid process on scapular Brachialis - inserts on ulnar tuberosity and coracoid process |
| Posterior (Extensor) compartment of the arm | Triceps brachii - long, lateral and medial head. Insert on olecranon process and ulnar tuberosity Extends forearm at the elbow joint |
| Muscular compartments of the forearm | Anterior flexor compartment Posterior extensor compartment |
| Anterior (flexor) compartment of the forearm | Superficial muscles - Pronator Teres, Flexor Carpi radialis, Palmaris Longus and Flexor carpi ulnaris Middle - Flexor digitorum superficialis Deep muscles - Flexor digitorum Profundus, Flexor Pollicis Longus and Pronator quadratus |
| Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS) insertion | Sides of middle phalanx |
| Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP) insertion | Distal phalanx Needed for movement of the end of the finger |
| Flexor retinaculum | Makes a tunnel for vascular structures and tendons to pass over the carpal bones Known as the carpal tunnel Connects to trapezium, scaphoid, hamate and pisiform |
| Posterior (extensor) compartment of the forearm | Superficial - Brachioradialis, Extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis, Extensor digitorum, Extensor digiti minimi, Extensor carpi ulnaris and Anconeus Deep - Supinator. Abductor pollicis longus, Extensor pollicis longus/brevis and extensor indicis |
| Anatomical Snuff box | Bound by tendons attaching to the distal phalanx Scaphoid bone at base - transfers weight and prone to injury e.g. tear of the radial artery that runs through it |
| Hand muscles | Hypothenar and Thenar eminence Lumbricals - flexion of metacarpophalangeal joint Interosseus - adduction and abduction of digits |
| Muscles in the gluteal region | Superficial - gluteus maximus (chief extensor of the hip), gluteus minimus and medius. These are medial rotators of the hip Tensor fasciae latae-stabilises knee in extension by acting on a longitudinal band of deep fascia passing down the lateral thigh |
| Trendelenburg Gait | Contraction of gluteus minimus and medius on stand side prevents excessive pelvic tilt during swing phase on opposite side. If pelvis tilts when moving indicates paralysis on one side |
| Deep lateral rotators of the hip | Piriformis Obturator internus Gemellus superior Gemellus inferior Quadratus femoris |
| Functional compartments of the thigh | Anterior - hip flexion and knee extension Posterior - hip extension and knee flexion Medial - adduction |
| Functional compartments of the leg | Anterior - Dorsiflexion of the foot and extension of the digits Posterior - plantarflexion of the foot and flexion of the digits Lateral - eversion |
| Anterior Flexor compartment of the thigh | Iliacus and Psoas form the iliopsoas that insert on the lesser trochanter, origin on ilium spine. These are the chief flexors of the hip Sartorius Pectineus |
| What causes knee extension (anterior thigh) | Quadriceps Femoris - Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius and Vastus medialis |
| Medial compartment of the thigh | Adductor longus/brevis/magnus Gracilis Help in adduction Pes anserinus (Gracilis, sartorius attachment and semitendinosus attachment) attaches to tibia in a goose foot look |
| Posterior compartment of the thigh | Hamstring muscles - semi-membranous, Semi- tendinosis, Biceps femoris (long and short) and adductor magnus These are hip extensors and knee flexors |
| What allows for foot inversion | Anterior and posterior compartments of the leg |
| Anterior compartment of the leg | Tibialis anterior - dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint and foot inversion Extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus - extension of digits Tendons attach to distal phalanx |
| Posterior compartment of the leg | Superficial - Gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus (Achilles tendon) Deep - Popliteus (unlocker of knee), flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus Flexion of digits - tibialis posterior inverter Popliteus acts on the knee, others act on the foot |
| Tarsal Tunnel | Contains: Tibialis posterior Digitorum Longus Artery Nerve Hallucis Longus |
| Lateral compartment of the leg | Fibularis/peroneus longus Fibularis/peroneus brevis These attach to metatarsal bones For eversion and plantar flexion of the foot |
| Myotome | Groups of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal cord segment is a myotome Biceps muscle is supplied by root value c% and C6 spinal segment roots, so these control elbow flexion We evaluate the myotome by testing muscle/joint movements |
| What is a somite | Blocks of mesoderm that extend craniocaudally, lateral to the neural tube and beneath the ectoderm and which differentiate into sclerotome, dermatome and myotome |
| Upper limb myotome segmental innervation | Adduction of arm at glenohumeral joint - C5 Flexion of forearm at elbow - C6 Extension of forearm at elbow - C7 Flexion of fingers - C8 Abduction and adduction of index, middle and ring fingers - T1 |
| Lower limb myotome segmental innervation | Flexion of the hip - L1 and L2 Extension of the knee - L3 and L4 Knee flexion - L5 to S2 Plantarflexion of the foot - S1 and S2 Adduction of the digits - S2 and S3 |
| Myotome reflex test | Achilles - S1 and S2 Patella - L3 and L4 Biceps - C5 and C6 Triceps - C7 and C8 |
| Limb rotation | In foetal position, developing limb bud projects outwards at right angles When anatomical position is restored, the upper limb rotates outwards whilst the lower limb rotates inwards Ventral or flexor compartment faces anteriorly in upper limb |
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