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Period 1: 1200-1450
AP World History - Chapters 1 - 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Paleolithic Era | The long period during which human societies sustained themselves through gathering, hunting, and fishing without the practice of agriculture. Such ways of living persisted well after the advent of agriculture in many places |
| Neolithic Revolution | The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle |
| pastoral society | Emerged in the Afro-Eurasian world where settled agriculture was difficult or impossible. Often led animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather than settling permanently in a single location. |
| Chiefdom | A societal grouping governed by a chief who typically relies on generosity, ritual status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people. |
| Patriarchy | A social system in which women have been made subordinate to men in the family and in society; often linked to the development of plow-based agriculture, intensive warfare, and private property. |
| Hinduism | Religion based on the many beliefs, practices, sects, rituals, and philosophies in India |
| Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. |
| Siddhartha Gautama | the Indian prince whose exposure to human suffering led him to develop a path to Enlightenment, which became the basis for the emerging religion tradition of Buddhism |
| Theravada Buddhism | "Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine; emphasizes practices rather than beliefs. |
| Mahayana Buddhism | "Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and to compassion and proved to be more popular |
| Bhaki Movement | Meaning "worship," this Hindu movement began in south India and moved northward between 600 and 1000 C.E.; it involved the intense adoration of and identification with a particular deity through songs, prayers, and rituals. |
| Confucianism | The Chinese philosophy first enunciated (spoken/created) by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order |
| Han Dynasty | The Chinese dynasty that emerged after the Qin dynasty collapsed, establishing political and cultural patterns that lasted into the 20th century |
| Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. |
| Judaism | The monotheistic religion developed in the Middle East by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice. |
| Jesus of Nazareth | A peasant/artisan "wisdom teacher" and Jewish mystic (divine) (ca. 4 B.C.E.-29 C.E.) whose life, teachings, death, and alleged resurrection gave rise to the new religion of Christianity. |
| Saint Paul | The first great popularizer of Christianity (10-65 C.E.). |
| Muhammad Ibn Abdullah | The Prophet and founder of Islam whose religious revelations became the Quran, bringing a monotheistic religion to Arabia and the world. |
| Quran | Also transliterated as Qur'án and Koran, this is the most holy text of Islam, recording the revelations given to the prophet Muhammad. |
| Umma | The community of all believers in Islam, bound by common belief rather than territory, language, or tribe. |
| Ulama | Islamic religious scholars, both Sunni and Shia, who shaped and transmitted the core teachings of Islamic civilization. |
| Sufism | A mystical sect of Islam that renounces the material world, meditating on the words of the Quran, chant the names of God, use music and dance, and venerating Muhammad |
| Silk Roads | Land-based trade routes that linked many regions of Eurasia. They were named after the most famous product traded along these routes. |
| Sea Roads | The world's largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 C.E. Centered on India, it stretched from southern China to eastern Africa. |
| Sand Roads | A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Sahara trade, which linked interior West Africa to the Mediterranean and North African world |
| egalitarian | social view in which all citizens are equal in all aspects of life |
| Caste System | A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life |
| Enlightenment | (Buddhism) state of awakening leading to the release of the cycle of rebirth, Nirvana |
| Aristocracy | A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility |
| aristocrat | A member of a rich and powerful family |
| Filial Piety | In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. |
| Secular | non-religious, related to concerns of the world |
| Deity | a god; a divine being |
| Galvanize | to startle into sudden activity |
| Persecute | to treat cruelly or harshly because of political, religious, or other differences |
| Doctrine | a belief, principle, or teaching; a system of such beliefs or principles; a formulation of such beliefs or principles |
| Diffusion | The spreading of a feature or trend from one place to another over time |
| Song Dynasty | Chinese dynasty that rose to power 960-1279. Explosion of scholarship gave rise to Neo-Confucianism, state structures established & revolution in agricultural and industrial production made China the richest and most populated country on the planet |
| China's Economic Revolution | Rise in prosperity during the Song dynasty, marked by rapid population growth, urbanization, economic specialization, the development of an immense network of internal waterways, and increase in industrial production and technological innovation. |
| Hangzhou | China's capital during the Song dynasty, with a population of more than a million people. |
| Foot Binding | Chinese patriarchal practice of tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, prevalent in the Song Dynasty and later, an emphasis on small size and delicacy was central to views of female beauty |
| Hangul | A phonetic alphabet developed in Korea in the 15th century in a move toward greater cultural independence from China |
| Chu nom | A variation of Chinese writing developed in Vietnam that became the basis for an independent national literature; "southern script." |
| Bushido | The "way of the warrior" refers to the martial values of Japanese Samurai, including bravery, loyalty, and an emphasis on death over surrender |
| Abbasid Caliphate | Arab dynasty of caliphs who governed much of the Islamic World from its capital in Baghdad beginning in 750 CE. After 900 CE that empire increasingly fragmented until its overthrow by the Mongols in 1258 |
| Seljuk Turk Empire | An empire of the 11th and 12th centuries, centered in Persia and present day Iraq. Seljuk rulers adopted the Muslim title Sultan (ruler) as part of their conversion to Islam |
| Ottoman Empire | Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Middle East, and much of North Africa. Lasted from the 14th to early 20th century. |
| Dar al-Islam | an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule |
| Al-Andalus | Arabic name for Spain, most of which was conquered by Arab and Berber forces between 711 and 718 C.E. Muslim Spain represented a point of encounter between the Islamic world and Christian Europe. |
| Byzantine Empire | Surviving eastern Roman Empire and a center of Christendom during the medieval times. Founded at the end of the 3rd century, when the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves, and survived until its conquest by Muslim forces in 1453. |
| Constantinople | New capital for the eastern half of the Roman Empire, established by Emperor Constantine in 330 C.E. City was highly defensible and economically important site helped assure the city's cultural and strategic importance for many centuries. |
| Caesaropapism | A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire. |
| Eastern Orthodox Christianity | Branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. Different from Roman Catholics in that it didn't practice subordination of Church to political authorities, a married clergy, and rejected authority of Roman Catholic Popes. |
| Crusades | Term to describe "holy wars" waged by Western Christendom against the forces of Islam in the Holy Lands from 1095 - 1291. Could only be declared by Pope, participants swore a vow and in return received an indulgence removing penalty for confessed sins. |
| Kievan Rus | A culturally diverse civilization that emerged around the city of Kiev in the 9th century C.E. and adopted Christianity in the 10th century, thus linking this emerging Russian state to the world of Eastern Orthodoxy. |
| Western Christendom | Western European branch of Christianity, also Roman Catholicism, gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy. It recognized the authority of the pope. |
| European Renaissance | A "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350 - 1500. Included rediscovery of Greek & Roman learnings, developments in art, & growing secularism in society |
| Secular | Non-religious |
| Mayan Civilization | A major civilization of Mesoamerica known for the most elaborate writing system in the Americas and other intellectual and artistic achievements; flourished from 250 to 900 C.E. |
| Aztec Empire | Major state that developed in what is now Mexico in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; dominated by the semi-nomadic Mexica, who had migrated into the region from northern Mexico. |
| Inca Empire | Western Hemisphere's largest imperial state in the 15th and early 16 centuries; built by a relatively small community of Quechua-speaking people, the empire stretched some 2,500 miles along the Andes Mountains |
| Mita | Incan labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. |
| Tribute Payment | in the form of money or goods to the emperor |
| bestowal | to give (something) as a gift or honor. Chinese emperors would give these to Korean visitors to reaffirm peace and trade |
| Bureaucracy | a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives. |
| Proliferate | to reproduce, increase, or spread rapidly |
| Metallurgy industry | Manufacturing focused on metals (ex. iron swords) |
| reticence/reticent | the quality or state of keeping silent; reserve. Term used to describe qualities of women in a Confucian society |
| Courtesean | similar to prostitutes, women of high social class that had sexual relations with men of important status for money |
| Deference | humble submission and respect |
| Dowry | Money, property or goods given to a man by his wife's parents |
| Orthodox | refers to a branch within a larger religious organization that claims to honor the religion's original or traditional beliefs (ex. Eastern Orthodox Christianity or Orthodox Judaism) |
| Monopoly | The exclusive control of a particular item or service on the market |
| Mandate of Heaven | A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source. It holds that corrupt rulers lose the protection of Heaven and can be overthrown by righteous forces that will restore order to the land. |
| centralized government | A government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which local governments are subject to follow |
| Caliph | a successor of Muhammad as spiritual and temporal leader of the Muslims |
| Caliphate | Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. |
| Sultan | Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country |
| Sultanates | politically-defined territories (state) governed by Turkic Islamic leaders |
| Fragmented | A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory, a state that is broken into pieces |
| autonomy | self-government or state of indpendence |
| Endure | to put up with; to survive a hardship |
| Toleration | recognition or acceptance that other people have the right to different opinions and beliefs. also refers to states that accept other religious groups |
| Edict | an official order |
| Eradicate | to wipe out; to destroy completely |
| Rus | Scandinavian traders who were some of Kiev's early leaders' also the word we get Russia from |
| Pagan | Religiously believing in multiple gods |
| Legitimacy | Political authority and rights conferred by law or by a state or national constitution |
| Feudalism | Social system in medieval Europe, where nobles held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, peasants (serfs) live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, in exchange for military protection. |
| Serfdom | Type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave |
| Vernacular | Everyday language of ordinary people |
| Reciprocity | the exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties |
| Guilds | Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests |
| Curtail | To cut short or reduce |
| Indulgence | A pardon (forgiveness) given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins |
| Piety | religious devotion |
| Anti-Semitism | hostility to or prejudice against Jews. |
| exacerbate | to make worse or more severe |
| Humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements |
| Individualism | giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications |
| Entrepreneur | A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. |
| Pantheon | all the gods of a people or religion |
| Caravanserai | an inn with a central courtyard for travelers in the desert regions of Asia or North Africa. |
| Caravan | a group that travels together in hopes of passing safely through a dangerous territory. |
| Srivijaya | A Malay kingdom that dominated the critical choke point in Indian Ocean trade at the Straits of Malacca between 670 and 1025 CE. Like other places in Southeast Asia, Sriivijaya absorbed various cultural influences from India. |
| Monsoon | Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean. |
| Astrolabe | An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets |
| Dhow | Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. |
| Angkor Wat | Largest religious structure in premodern world. Built by powerful Angkor kingdom in 12th century CE to express a Hindu understanding of the cosmos centered on a mythical Mount Meru, the home of the gods in Hindu tradition. Later used by Buddhists as well. |
| Swahili Civilization | East African civilization, emerged 8th century CE. Set of commercial city-states linked to Indian Ocean trade network. Mix of African Bantu & Islamic culture, exported goods from the interior and exchanged them for the products of distant civilizations |
| Great Zimbabwe | A powerful state in the southern African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 CE. |
| Zheng He | Chinese admiral, commanded huge fleet of ships in 7 voyages in Indian Ocean (1405-1433) Goal to enroll distant peoples & states into Chinese tribute system, voyages ended abruptly in 1433 and led to no lasting Chinese imperial presence in the region. |
| Arabian Camel | Introduced to North Africa and the Sahara in the early centuries of the Common Era, this animal made trans-saharan commerce possible by 300 to 400 CE. |
| West African Civilization | Important states that stretched from the Atlantic coast to Lake Chad from 500 to 1600 CE. Developed in response to the economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade (ex. gold) included states of Ghana, Mali, Songhay and Kanem |
| Ghana | An early and prominent state within West African civilization. With a reputation for great riches, Ghana flourished between 750 and 1076 and was later absorbed into the larger Kingdom of Mali. |
| Mali | Prominent state in West African civilization; monopolized the import of horses and metals as part of the trans-Saharan trade; large-scale producer of gold; & its most famous ruler, Mansa Musa, led large group of Muslims to the pilgrimage to Mecca |
| Trans-Saharan Slave Trade | A fairly small-scale commerce in enslaved people that flourished especially from 1100 to 1400 exporting West African slaves across the Sahara for sale in Islamic North Africa. |
| Timbuktu | A major commercial city of West African civilization and a noted center of Islamic scholarship and education by the sixteenth century. |
| House of Wisdom | Academic center for research and translation foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 CE by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun. |
| American web | Term used to describe the network of trade that linked parts of the pre-Columbian Americas; although less densely woven than the Afro-Eurasian trade networks, this web nonetheless provided a means of exchange for luxury goods and ideas over a large area. |
| Chaco Phenomenon | Major process of settlement and societal organization that occurred in the period 860-1130 CE among the peoples of Chaco canyon (New Mexico) the society formed large pueblos & built hundreds of miles of roads, the purpose of which is not known. |
| Pochteca | Professional merchants among the Aztecs who undertook large-scale trading expeditions in the fifteenth century CE. |
| Temujin | Birth name of the Mongol leader better known as Chinggis Khan (1162-1227) or "universal ruler" a name he acquired after unifying the Mongols. |
| Mongol world war | Term used to describe half a century of military campaigns, massive killing, and empire building pursued by Chinggis Khan and his successors in Eurasia after 1209. |
| Khubilai Khan | Grandson of Chinggis Khan who ruled China from 1271 to 1294. |
| Yuan Dynasty | Mongol dynasty initiated by Khubilai Khan that ruled China from 1271-1368. |
| Ming Dynasty | Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols. |
| Hulegu | Grandson of Chinggis Khan who became the first il-khan (subordinate khan) of Persia. |
| Safavid Empire | Major Turkic empire established in Persia in the early sixteenth century and notable for its efforts to convert its people to Shia Islam. |
| Khanate of the Golden Horde | The Russian name for the incorporation of Russia into the Mongol Empire in the mid-thirteenth century; known to Mongols as Kipchak Khanate. |
| Black Death | A massive pandemic that swept through Eurasia in the early fourteenth century, spreading along the trade routes within and beyond the Mongol Empire and reaching the Middle East and Western Europe by 1347. Associated with massive loss of life. |
| Commodity | An object that can be placed in the market to be bought, sold or traded. |
| Assimilate | To adopt other qualities or habits in order to become similar to something else. |
| Intermediaries | People who work with two opposing sides by acting as a go-between. |
| Cosmopolitan | Being multicultural and showing aspects or experience from across the world. |
| Kinship | Maintaining similarities to others, particularly through family relationships. |
| Ortughs | Approved associations of Merchants that were allowed to pool resources and limit losses incase a caravan failed. Lower interest rates were provided and financial backings for their caravans. |
| maritime | on or near the sea |
| antiquity | ancient times |
| Zoroastrian | a Persian religion based on the battle between good and evil |
| enterprise | A business organization in such areas as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories. |
| incentive | a reason for doing something; something that stimulates action |
| matrilineal lineage | individuals trace their most important kinship relationship through their mothers |
| Yurt | a portable dwelling used by the nomadic people of Centa Asia such as Mongols, consisting of a tentlike structure of skin, felt or hand-woven textiles arranged over wooden poles. |
| Neo-Confucianism | Term used to describe new approaches to understanding classic Confucian texts that became the basic ruling philosophy of China from the Song period to the twentieth century. |
| Veneration of Ancestors | Chinese had great respect for their ancestors. Offered sacrifices at graves. Head of family in charge of rites to honor spirits. Buried material goods with their dead. |
| Diasporic communities | Widely dispersed (spread out) community as a result of natural disasters, politics, or other reasons. (ex. Jews of Babylon in ancient history or merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas) |
| City State | An independent city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside, governed by their own monarch and sharp competition with other cities |
| diasporic | spread to different parts of the world, especially used in reference to ethnic or cultural groups |
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