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World Religins final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T’ien | heaven or where the gods live |
| She | physical representation of gods. |
| Kuei | agents of destruction |
| Shen | spirits of nature |
| Yin-yang | balance. Complimentary and necessary. Yang goes to heaven, yin stays on Earth. |
| Scalpumancy | burn the bones of livestock. Scalp resembles shape of the universe. |
| I Ching | Sacred texts because of Knowledge |
| Te | rights of monarch, act on Mandate of Heaven. |
| Shu Ching | Book of ancient Kingdom |
| Shih Ching | Book of poems |
| I Ching | Book of divination |
| Chun Chiu | Kingdom of Lu, written by Confuscious |
| Li Chi | records of ceremonies and rituals. Handbook. |
| Taoism/Daoism | “The Way” |
| Tao Te Ching | Basic text written by Lao Tzu. Very paradoxical, outlines basic principles. |
| Wu- Wei | Non action. Go with the flow. Force is everywhere, it just happens. |
| Chiao | relativity. Value and purpose only arise in something. Nothing is absolute. |
| Fu | Return. All things return to its original state. |
| Confucius | Founder of Confucianism. Teacher/ professor, at age 50 passes imperial exams and becomes disillusioned with society. |
| The Ancestors of Lun Yu | aphorisms or sayings |
| Han Period | academy with use of analects (124 BCE). Imperial academy. |
| Li | Social/Moral conduct |
| Jen | Compassion |
| Yi | Righteousness |
| Te | Virtue |
| Meng Tzu (Mencius) | Disciple, next major Confucian thinker. Teachings were more popular. Government was compassionate and virtuous. Innate goodness of humanity. |
| Hsun Tsu (Xun Zu) | Peace and order, good will follow. Humans born with desire, conflict is inevitable. Legalism comes out of this. |
| Shen-Tao or Kami-No-Michi | Way of Spirits |
| Kami | Spirits. |
| Kamikaze | Divine wind. Kami interacts during ceremonies. |
| On | Obligation of benefactors (ancestors, spirits and superiors) and respect to them. |
| Saisei- itchi | religion and nationality. Divine aspects of emperor. All aspects of life in harmony. |
| Kojoki & Nihongi | history, rites, rituals and beginnings of the world |
| Izanagi (male) and Izanami (female) | creation story from Kamis. Created Japan. |
| Amaterasu | Sun goddess. Ancestor of imperial family. |
| Shrine Shintoism | lots of nationalistic, sentiments tied to shrines. Shrines devoted to emperors, deities and Kamis. |
| Sectarian Shinto | large congregations that meet regularly. Due to Christian influences. |
| Folk Shinto | cult practices, superstitions and house ceremonies are tied. |
| Kamidana | ‘Shelf’ Kami, alter variety |
| Bonn | Festival for the dead, souls return for feast. |
| Zarathustra or Zoroaster | most influential preaching’s. Virgin birth, born laughing with animal protectors. Trained to be a priest, married three times with three sons and three daughters. |
| Vohu Mana | Archangel. Good intention. Led Zoroaster into the presence of Ahura Mazda. |
| Ahura Mazda | wise lord. Supreme god. Monotheism. |
| True religion | What Ahura Mazda tells Zoroaster to preach. Much opposition and ridicule. |
| Maga Brotherhood | community of followers, enormous power. Army and priests state religion. |
| Magi | powerful, hereditary priestly class. Composed Maga brotherhood. |
| Avesta | Sacred text, collection of sacred writings. |
| Yasna | a collection of prayers and liturgical formulas, contain Gathas. |
| Gathas | a group of hymns written by prophet Zoroaster. |
| Visparat | composed in honor of and as invocation to the celestial lords. |
| Videvdat (Vendidad) | a body of writings primarily concerned with ritual purification. |
| Khorde Avesta | “Smaller Avesta,” a book of daily prayers that include the Yashts. |
| Yashts | Collection of hymns and epic narrations concerning deities, kings and heroes. |
| Menog | Spiritual worlds. Include many archangels/ avatars of Ahura Mazda. |
| Getig | Sky, water, Earth, animals, mankind, fire. Earth worlds. |
| Ameshaspenta | Bountiful or holy immortals |
| Satan | evil, opposing force. Creates evil. |
| Ahriman | advisory or Satan. Prompts evil deeds, deceiver, father of lies, source of death. Allows bad things to happen. |
| Cosmic dualism | good god and evil advisory personify everything. Good vs. evil, light vs. dark. |
| Ash- Vants | good |
| Dreg – Vants | evil |
| Chinvat Bridge | spans the abyss of hell and leads to paradise on the other side. |
| Hamestagan | (purgatory of Christianity). Soul remains in an intermediate place if the good and evil deeds done in life balance. |
| Hushedar, Aushedar-Mah, and Saoshyant | three saviors who bring completion and protection. Descendants of Zoroaster. |
| Atash | Sacred fire. Presents divine purity, power and warmth. Each family has one. Greatest sin is to rid someone’s sacred fire or fire temple. |
| Dakhama | Tower of silence, where body is left for the birds to eat. |
| Sada | Hundred days feast |
| Naw Ruz | new year. Very popular, mostly done in spring. |
| Fasli | Spring equinox. |
| Avots | Patriarch. |
| Abraham | 1800BCE, city of UR, heard the voice of God and smashed idols of fathers religion. Semitic people were followers. |
| B’rit | Covenant with ultimate goal to reach Canaan. |
| Hyksos | Indo- Europeans flee to Jerusalem. |
| Moses | Active during King Ramses reign. Basket baby. Shaman. Received and transmitted the divine Torah. Meets with God at Mt. Sinai and receives 10 Commandments. |
| Yahweh or Jehovah | God of victory, creator (just to those who worship him). |
| Ethical monotheism | “no other god” not necessarily monotheistic. Eventually retranslated to mean one god only. |
| Sabbath | Saturday |
| Torah | 5 books of law, primary book, written by Moses. Old testament. |
| She’ol | Afterlife, ‘in the middle.’ |
| Saducces | Torah should be taken literally. |
| Pharisees | conservative, tied to religion but not in charge. Viewed Torah and living tradition. God will eventually destroy the world. |
| Messiah | God will intervene but leave you alone. Messiah will get rid of Rome. |
| Essenes | Group that lives in dessert, purification in the form of baptism. |
| Zealots | submission to Rome is forsaking god, long period of rebellion. |
| Dead Sea Scrolls | Written by Essenes, more mystical. |
| Talmud | Commentary on Torah |
| Zionism | Political movement in 1870’s, search for a homeland. Emphasis on Palestine. |
| Kabbalists | Mystical modern movements. |
| Hasidics | ‘pious,’ formed in Poland. God is everywhere. |
| Sephardim | Middle East and Spain. |
| Ashkenazim | Spoke Yiddish and Hebrew, less mystical, approximately 70% . |
| Orthodox | Largest group, stays true to biblical and Talmudic regulations. Strict observances of the Sabbath and food. |
| Reform | Less rigorous than traditional practices. Modified restrictions on the Sabbath and diet. Synagogue services are conducted in vernacular and Hebrew. |
| Conservative | Blended Orthodox and reform. More scientific based. |
| Reconstructionist | American movement founded by Mordecai M. Kaplan. Cultural movement, Jews who don’t view themselves as religious. |
| Passover | Pesach. Most important family festival in Judaism. “Feast of Freedom.” |
| Purim | Festival of Lots. Commemorates the rescue of Persian Jews. |
| Shavuot | (Weeks). Celebrated fifty days after the festival of Pesach. Commemorates the anniversary of the giving of the Torah by God to Moses on Mt. Sinai. |
| Rosh Hashanah | Jewish new Year. Lunar calendar. 10 days of repentance. |
| Yom Kippur | day of reflection, repentance, atonement. Second sacred Jewish holy day. Celebrated at the end of Rosh Hashanah. |
| Sukkot | 5 days after Yom Kippur, 8 day feast. Harvest festival. |
| Jesus | Founder. Born 4CE or 4BCE (era of mystery religions). Eventually viewed by some as Messiah or “Christos.” Virgin birth. Pure, divine, marked for greatness. |
| Crucifixion | Jesus preaches for a year until arrested by Pilot. Criminal, crucified (common event in Roman empire). Last blood sacrfice, a savior, debt must be paid. |
| Resurrection | 3 days later, resurrected. 40 days later, ascends to heaven. |
| Shavuot | 10 days later, followers peak in tongues, filled with the Holy Spirit (Shamans) |
| The Canon | Old Testament (Torah) through Apocrypha (hidden books). Bible settled at Council of Trent in 1546. |
| New Testament | gospels, acts, epistles, revelation. Written approximately 30 years after Jesus’ death. |
| Fatherhood of God | Every creature is a child of God. Every person can communicate, personalizes God. No person is unworthy of receiving God’s grace. |
| Union of Humankind | Love God, Love everyone. |
| Sin | ritual or inherent, unclear. Nature of Sin is not really described. |
| Paul | Pharisee from Tarsus. Most influential person in Christianity. Apostle to the Gentiles. Roman citizen, opposes hellenization and mystery cults. Eventually has an epiphany on route to Damascus. Paul’s writings make sin become clear. Original and actual. |
| Lordship of Jesus | Christians do not have to abide by Torah, accept Jesus. Made Christianity Non- Jewish. |
| Proselytization | Becomes a major component of Christianity. |
| Creedo | I Believe |
| The Apostle’s Creed | 215AD. God as Father and Creator, Jesus as the Son of God, his death, burial and resurrection. Trinity is a problem, some Christians see it as polytheism. |
| Nicene Creed | 325AD. Council in Nicea. Jesus is both Human and divine, God and man. Include trinity. |
| Agape | Love |
| Eucharist | Giving Thanks |
| Catechism | Lessons to join the church, ends with baptism. |
| Unction | Confirmation, sing of the cross (Catholic). |
| Gnostics | Gnosis. Clear concept of good and bad, material world is degrading and vile. |
| Aeons | Male and Female Spiritual beings (good) |
| Sophia | Knowledge (bad) serpent in the garden |
| Divine Spark | Soul animates, piece of God. |
| Edict of Milan | 313AD, legalizes Christianity. Now two major forms, Catholic (unified) and Arians (Germany). |
| Antioch | Nestorius (Bishop) believed human body was filled with the Holy Spirit. Questions status of Mary, body as a vessel for birth but she is not the mother of God. |
| Chalcedon | 451AD, Council to settle Nestorius ideas, creates “church of the East” (heretics). Spreads extensively along silk road, settles in Persia. |
| Alexandria | Monophysites, “one physical thing.” |
| Monasticism | Organized asceticism practiced by orders of monks and nuns. |
| Holy Sees | Leadership in 5 places – Constantinople, Rome, Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem. |
| Schism of 1054 | Communion is the way to the Cross. People versus Patriarch. |
| Roman Catholic | Latin |
| Eastern Orthodox | St. Cryil, St. Metholius. Greek, Russian and Slavic. |
| Protestants | Martin Luther and the Reformation. Disillusioned with Catholic church, creates Lutheranism. Preaches in German. Focus more on personal belief than rights and rituals. Main focus – reject popes authority, more emphasis on vernacular, individual responsibi |
| Anglican Church | Henry VII wants a divorce, leaves the Catholic church. |
| Calvinist | begins in Geneva, Switzerland. Involved in community and predestination. |
| Sacraments | Performance or outward sign through which divine grace is sought and conferred. Catholicism and Orthodoxy have seven. Protestantism has two (baptism and holy communion). |
| Baptism | purification. Age varies. Ideas of original sin. |
| Confirmation/ Chrismation | age seven to fourteen, initiation into faith. Eastern Orthodox. |
| Penance/ Confession | Confess sins to a priest or straight to God. |
| Eucharist/ Holy Communion | Bread (body), Wine (blood). Symbolizes last supper, absorb properties of God. Obtain eternal life. |
| Matrimony | marriage, according to local customs. |
| Holy orders | Calling to the faith, becoming a monk/nun/priest |
| Holy Unction/ Euchalion | Death is imminent, prayers offered. Last rights. Orthodox believe soul stays until body has completely decomposed. |
| Christmas | fixed festival celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ (December 25). |
| Advent | Precedes Christmas, a solemn period of expectation and preparation. |
| Epiphany | Follows Christmas, manifestation of Jesus (January 6). Commemorate the baptism of Jesus and the visit of the Wise Men. |
| Easter | first full moon after vernal equinox. Easter bunny and eggs represent fertility. |
| Lent | Solemn period of prayer and fasting, including Holy week. Mostly Catholic and Orthodox. |
| Islam | submission and peace. One will submits to the will of God. |
| Jahiliyya | age of ignorance in Arabian society. |
| Asabiya | group solidarity focus. Led by Shakh. |
| Shakh | Wealthy elder who was a leader, settled disputes, concerned with welfare of tribe. Demonstrates generosity. |
| Sharaf | Nobility, elites. Anyone of higher lineage |
| Jinn | Gene |
| Efreet | Fire Spirits |
| Allah | God |
| Hanif | Monotheism, some ideas come from Judaism, other Christianity influences, both with transcendental afterlife. |
| Harma | Sanctuary or place where violence is prohibited. |
| Mecca | Point of pilgrimage. All gods here. |
| Umma | a religious commitment that was to unite tribes more closely than ties of blood. |
| Qurayish | Tribe that protects Mecca |
| Ka’ba | House Abraham built (or black asteroid) |
| Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah | Born ca 570. Talks to angel Gabriel who tells him he is a prophet of god and the seal or ‘last’ to come. Job is to preach the message of God. |
| The Hijra | 622, migration or ‘flight’ from Mecca to Medina. |
| Shari’ a | Laws, straight path. |
| Muhajirun | Followers/ migrants who have converted |
| Salman Farsi | Persian slave who helps Muhammad win battles against Mecca. |
| Caliph | Successor to Muhammad. Debate over who it should be. Leads to split. |
| Abu Bakar | close friend and father-in-law. Do not worship Muhammad, worship Allah. Community chooses Abu as Caliph. Maintained unity of ‘Umma.’ Led expansion into Egypt, Syria and Iran. |
| ‘Umar ibn Abd- Al Kattab | caliph after Abu Bakar. Good administrator. Helps organize Islamic state. Begins effort to collect Qu’ran, get things written down. Conquers Syria, Egypt and parts of Persia. Makes non- Muslims pay a ‘jizya.’ Assassinated in 644. |
| Jizya | poll tax. Non-Muslims must pay. People did not like. |
| Kharaj | Tax if you own land. |
| Ahl al- dimma | People of the book. Jews and Christians. Muslims find a way to appease/ convert them. |
| ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan | (644-656). Aristocratic. Knew Qu’ran, member of Quraysh Family. Well respected. Puts Qu’ran into final form, in order by chapter length, not chronological. Favors nepotism, “the family.” Puts members of Quraysh in charge. Enlarged Clapihal power. Replace |
| ‘Ali | (656 -661) Cousin/ Son in law of Muhammad. Finally elected as Caliph. Does not punish murderers of ‘Uthman. Opposes centralization of power, favored equal distribution. Eventually assassinated, couldn’t control empire. |
| Battle of the Camel | 656, major opposition. Isha, Ali’s wife fights against. |
| Mu’awiya & Siffin | 657, Mu’awiya does not grant Ali his allegiance. Go to arbitration. |
| Kharijites | ‘leave’ radical sect. |
| Shahadan | (Pillar 1) There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. |
| Salat | (Pillar 2) Prayer five times a day facing Mecca. Called to prayer by the Muezzin. Prayer proceeded by Ablutions. Friday is the “holy day,” not as extreme as Christian Saturday. |
| Zakat or Alms | (Pillar 3) Not viewed as charity, but purification. Given to poorer members of one’s family or community. Thought that those who gave little would be judged severely. Not a fixed amount, sometimes paid in livestock. |
| Sawm | (Pillar 4) Fasting during Ramadan or month when Qu’Ran was first revealed. Sunrise to sunset, no food, drink, sex or smoking. Month of Spiritual reflection. |
| Eid Al- Fitir | Celebration feast at the end |
| Eid Al- Saghir | Feast every evening |
| Hajj | (Pillar 5) Pilgramage, obligatory but only once in a lifetime. Circulambulation of Kabba (black box). |
| Dhu al – Hijjan | 12th month (pilgrimage) |
| Ihrama | ritual purity. |
| Eid Al – Adha | Feast of Sacrifice (animals). |
| Al- ‘umran | Lesser pilgramage |
| Qu’Ran | twenty years of revelations, came as needed, not all at once. Created text. Umar collected, ‘Uthmar organized. Word of God. |
| Hadith | Collections of traditions of the prophet. Two parts – Matn (text, what was written) and Ishad or Sanad (the chain of people, who told it. Must be legitimate. Footnote). |
| Abraham | Islam is the religion of Abraham. First monotheist who practiced Islam. Muslim. |
| Tawhid | Oneness of God |
| Jinn & Efreet | Air and fire spirits |
| Jihad | holy war. Struggle or striving. Greater and lesser. Combat has rules of engagement. Obligation of ruler to participate in Jihad. |
| Mujahid/ Mujahidim | Person or people who participate in Jihad. |
| Ghazi | warriors of the faith. |
| Dar Al – Harb | Abode of War, everyone else. |
| A Kritoi | Christian warriors |
| Sharia | Islamic Law. Custom and traditions formed by Islamic ethics. |
| ‘Ibadat | ritual regulations |
| Mu’amalat | rules of social relations |
| Imama | theory of collective organizations. |
| FIQH | Law is recognized. Study of Islamic law. (Hanifi – Iraq, Maliki – Medina, Shafi’I – Egypt, Hanbali – Iraq, Awza’I, Zahiri) |
| Wajib or Fard | Obligatory, punishable |
| Mandub | encouraged |
| Mubah | Permissible |
| Makruh | Discouraged |
| Haram | Prohibited, strictly illegal |
| Qadi | Judges, appointed and applied law. Uses different sources and methods. Qu’ran is ultimate source, but doesn’t address everything |
| Sunna & hadith | traditions of the prophet |
| Ijma | Consensus of the community. Locust of religious authority. |
| ‘Ulama’ | Religious scholars, jurorists |
| Ijtihad | exertion or effort |
| Mujtahid | Someone who does Ijtihad well. |
| Qiyas | reason by analogy |
| Fatwa | authoritative legal opinion. |
| Istihsan | Judges opinion reflects public opinion. |
| Taqlid | imitation of what has been done |
| Shi’Ism | Imom is successor to Mohammad to lead/ guide the community. |
| Mufti | Legal consult |
| Faiqh | Jurist, law students, professors |
| Muhtasib | inspector. Served as “morality police.” |
| Hanifi | Abu Hanif, non – arab in Iraq. Tolerates Ijtihad. More liberal |
| Maliki | Founded by Malik ibn Anas. School of law from Medina, felt you can only transmit Hadith in ritual state. Wrote Muwatta (trodden way) earliest textbook on law. Appreciated amal or local practices. Spread to Egypt. |
| Shafi’i | Founded by Abu Abdallah. Muhammad ibn Idris al Shafai’. Believed all of Shari’ah could be derived from Quran. Wanted to eliminate bida or innovation. Utilizes Ijma, aiyas, and hadith. Wrote al-risalah or epistle. |
| Al- Risalah | Epistle, finest book of Islamic law. |
| Hanbali | 30,000 Hadiths in one collection. Literal interpretation of Qu’ran with no allegorical interpretation, literal. Fatwas was source but only if coming from companion of prophet. Ijma was based off Qu’ran and Sunnah. Distrusted human deduction of the law. |
| Madhhabs | Institutions. Method of instruction, pre 10th Century. Source of identity. Became centers of religious scholarship. Some people based their identity off of school membership (medieval period). |
| Madrasas | Religious colleges |
| Waaf | Endowment made to colleges. |
| Asabiya (ibn Khaldun) | Focus on identity. Religion and law replaces tribal identity. Began looking for rulers that associate with school. |
| Shia Islam | began as a political party, partisans to Muhammad. Encounters between Ali and Muhammad, Ali was chosen as successor. 10% of Muslims are Shia. Believe leadership should come from family of Prophet. More oppressed group because they never recognized legiti |
| Hasan and Husayn | Ali’s sons. Should have been leaders (caliphs). Husayn throws revolution against Umayids in Kufa. |
| Battle of Karbala | (680) Shrine of Husayn. Major political movement |
| Imam | Shia leader is rightful ruler, understand will of God. |
| Ayatollah | Understands what Imam and Mahdi wants, teach people. |
| Safavid Dynasty | 1500-1722, mostly in Iran. Legalizes all things Shia |
| Ja’Far Al- Sadiq | Imam who legalizes all things Shia. |
| Zaydis | (Shi’ite) disagree with twelve caliph view. Lead by imams. Each Imam has hass or authority. Argues principle of appointment is pointless, based on merit. |
| Hass | Authority given to Imams. Pointless, should be based on merit. |
| Taqiyya | in dangerous situations, okay to pretend you’re not a Shia. God will know what’s in your heart. |
| Ismalis | most radical Shia’s. imams almost deified, leaders worshipped. “seveners” |
| Batini | esoteric |
| Qarmati | 700’s dominate Syria, Iraq, Palestine. |
| Fatmid | North Egypt |
| Nizaris | Assassins. Ate weed, mostly in Pakistan. |
| Bohras | India |
| Twelvers | Recognize all 12 imams. |
| The Usul Al’ Iman | Essential to the faith |
| ‘Adl | Just of God. God is removed from every evil act. God provides knowledge of godo ro evil to everyone. God sends messages through prophets to remind humanity of its innate disposition. |
| ‘Imamah or imamte | Religion will survive. Power/guidance of Imam. |
| Marja – al Taqlid or Ayatollah | model on how to follow God. |
| Furu | khums, a tax on all wealth. Portion goes to need, descendants of prophets and imam. |
| Majalis | Pilgramage to shrin of Husayn. |
| Ashura in Muharam | 10th day, 10th month. Holiday for Husayn. |
| Muta’ | a man and woman can enter into a temporary marriage. Offspring is responsibility of man. |
| Sufism | begins around 10th & 13th Century before esoteric, Gnostic beliefs of Muslims. Wore Suf (coarse , wool robe). |
| Ijaza | Certificate and ‘khirqa” or cloak received from master after completing study. Awards represent equality. |
| Silsilas | Chain of authority, link to other people, who you studied with. |
| Khalifas | Delegates |
| Tariqa | brotherhood. Disciples. Relationship with teacher and students. |
| Shaykh or Pir | leader |
| Zuhd | Asceticism. Shun distractions |
| Faqir | Individual who practices Zuhd |
| Dhikr | Process by one makes contact, embraces god. Singing, chanting. Enter ecstatic state. |
| Ribat or Khanqahs | different physical presence. Place of worship, lodging. |
| Shadhiliya | North Africa and Egypt |
| Qadiriya | Arab World and Africa |
| Kubriya | Central Asia |
| Naqshbandiya | Central Asia & India |
| Yasaviya | Central Asia |
| Chistiya | India |
| Walai | Friends of God |
| Antimonian Sufis | Very flagrant in disrespect with normal society. Bizarre dress. Persecuted for bizarre attitudes/ actions. Qalandriyya. |
| Fana | annihilation of self, loose personal identity. |
| Al- Hallaj | I am the truth/God. Blursh self with God |
| Wahhabism | Muhammad ibn Abd al –Wahhab. Viewed society as jahiliyya (period of ignorance, pre Islamic period). Denounced Sufism and Sufi customs. Muslims need to return to Sharia through moral and social revolution and strict interpretation of the Qu’Ran. Uses Itji |
| Sharif | Descendants of Muhammad in executive positions. Members of Ulamma |
| Salafist | Seek to address modern challenges by returning to the time of Muhammad. Only accept Qu’ran and Sunna. Argue against taqlid or corrupted influences. Just because it’s non-western doesn’t mean it’s bad. |
| Salaf | precede, ancestors. |
| Islamism | More radical, militant and violent Salfists. Opposed to secularism. Subordination of religion to state. Basically Al Quaeda. |
| Taliban | ‘the students’ Deobani Islam & Wahhabism combined. Opposed syncreticism, wants to maintain Sufi spirituality. Advocates social justice. Very strict orthodoxy, school formed in 1867. Modern day, very literal and anti-Shia, very exclusive. |
| Shah- Waliullah | Friend of God. |
| Mormonism | Fastest growing Christian religion. Some consider it a cult, founded by Joseph Smith. |
| Angel Moroni | visited Joseph Smith, book of Mormon is reveled to him. |
| Book of Mormon | Describes how to fix flaws of other Christian religions. “Lost tribe syndrome.” Native Americans. |
| “Book of Commandments” and “Doctrine & Covenants” | Published by Joseph Smith |
| Brigham Young | 1801 – 1877 takes over and moves group to Salt Lake City, UT. Utah made a state and must now follow rules of Federal government (no polygamy). |
| Bahai | Comes from Baha’ u’llah. “For the glory of God.” Focus on love of God and love of people. Center is in Israel |
| The Bab | hidden Imam – Ali Muhammad. “gateway to god” oneness/ unity. |
| Baha’ u’llah | helps spread religion from Baghdad to Adrianople (Europe). Actively proselytizes, moves to Palestine. |
| Effendi | Successor, “servant of glory.” Goes on world tour in 1908, writes Divine Plan. |
| Kitab- l Aqdas | book of Baha’ U’llah laws |
| Kitab – l lqan | Revelations |
| Nawruz | New year, must get married |
| Ridvan | Festival from April 21 to May 2 |
| Russellism | Original name for Jehovah Witnesses, founder Charles Taze Russell. Organized groups with different views from mainstream Christianity (no trinity). Have witnessed Jesus already coming. |
| “Zion’s Watchtower” | Sacred text, gains followers. |
| Joseph Franklin “Judge” Rutherford | Next leader, helps spread. Believe Jehovah is creator and true God. Jesus is separate. Holy spirit is a force but not a person. |
| Armageddon | Battle between God and the devil. God wins. Chosen elect will be alive and resurrected. Non believers cease to exist. |
| Mary Baker Eddy | Founder, combines Christianity and Science. Convinced Healing came from Jesus. God is your whole life, not the cause of sorrow and sickness. Combines theology of healing and psychotherapy. |
| “Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures” | Published in 1875 by Mary Baker Eddy |
| Christian Science Monitor | Newspaper |
| L. Ron Hubbard | Founder, 1911- 1986 (Science fiction writer) |
| MEST | Matter, energy, space and time. |
| Thetan | Going clear. Individual conscience can escape. |
| “Dianetics” | Holy book |
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