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EBI
Emerge Bible Intensive
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Scribes | a professional writer and record-keeper in early civilizations who knew how to read and write before literacy was common |
| Canon | canon of the Bible is the official, accepted list of books that a religious community recognizes as divinely inspired, authentic, and authoritative Scripture |
| Papyrus | a tall wetland plant native to the Nile Valley, the thick paper-like writing material made from it, or an ancient document written on that material. |
| Fragment | An incomplete piece or section of a larger body of writing |
| When were the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered? | First Discovery: In late 1946 or early 1947, a Bedouin shepherd found the first jars and scrolls in a cave at Qumran, near the northwest shore of the Dead Sea |
| When were the Dead Sea Scrolls written? | The Dead Sea Scrolls were written between the 3rd century BCE and the 1st century CE (approximately 2,000 years ago) |
| Are any NT writings in the Dead Sea Scrolls? | No, only the OT (and other writings too). |
| How many (fragments) are there of Tacitus' Annals? | 2 |
| How many fragments (texts) are there of the NT? | 5,800 |
| When was Tacitus' Annals written? | 115-120 |
| When was the first diaspora? | 722 BCE The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed the northern Kingdom of Israel and deported many Israelites, marking an early displacement |
| When was the second diaspora? | 586 BCE Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered the southern Kingdom of Judah, destroyed the First Temple, and exiled a significant portion of the population to Mesopotamia |
| When was the Cairo Genizah discovered? | famously discovered and brought to academic prominence in 1896 by scholar Solomon Schechter. Every book of the bible except Esther. |
| What were the disputed books of the NT? | Hebrews, 2 Peter, James, 2&3 John, Jude and Revelation |
| What were the disputed books of the OT? | Esther, disputed because the explicit name of God does not appear anywhere in the text., also she sleeps with a gentile king |
| Canonicity | Apostolic Authorship: The primary test for canonization was whether a text was written by an apostle or a close companion.Doctrinal Consistency: Communities checked w writings aligned with established rule of faith.Widespread Usage: |
| Church Councils | Protected, NOT produced, the Canon. Recognized the hand of God in the themes of redemption, covenants, grafting, etc. |
| When was Oxyrhynchus discovered | The ancient site of Oxyrhynchus and its famous papyri were discovered in 1896 and 1897 by Bernard Grenfell and Arthur Hunt |
| What NT fragments were found at Oxy | over 40% of all known early New Testament papyrus fragments, representing the largest and most significant collection of early Christian biblical documents ever found |
| When was the OT canon finalized? | somewhere in the first century CE |
| Textual criticism | he process of evaluating variants in the biblical text to determine which reading was likely the earliest. |
| Textual critic | A scholar who examines variants in the biblical text to determine the most authentic readings. |
| Autograph | The original manuscript or document of a writing. The Greek word autographos literally means “written in one’s own hand.” No autographs of biblical books have survived |
| Variant | A term of textual criticism describing the different wording of one text when compared with another; also called a variant reading |
| Witness | A particular manuscript, translation, or quotation that is cited as evidence of a variant reading in a variation unit. |
| External evidence: | Manuscript evidence in textual criticism that relates to the age, grouping, quantity, and distribution of the biblical manuscripts. |
| Internal evidence | Manuscript evidence in textual criticism that relates to the habits of scribes and the stylistic and theological bent of the author. |
| Text-type | grouping of NT manuscripts based on their similarity of text;The e.g. “text-types” (Alexandrian, Byzantine, Western, or Caesarean) are typically still used in text-critical discussions, but they are called groupings, streams, or traditions. |
| Family | A group of manuscripts that are so closely related that it is possible to create a family tree, called a stemma, showing how they all descend from a common textual ancestor |
| What is important about the Dead Sea Scrolls? | These texts in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek date from 250 BC to AD 70. They represent the oldest existing copies of the OT (including almost all OT books) and include religious texts outlining the practices of a Jewish sect. |
| Ausgangstext | German for “beginning text” or “start text”; sometimes translated as “initial text.” used in NT textual criticism as the process of examining all variant readings for a variation unit, and discerning which reading is the starting point for all of them |
| Source language | The language of a text being translated. |
| Target language: | The language of a text being produced from a text in another language (source language). |
| Masoretic Text | Hebrew text of the OT preserved by the Jewish scholars known as Masoretes in the early medieval period. Abbreviated as MT usually based on the copy from the Leningrad Codex, the oldest complete Masoretic manuscript dated from AD 1009. |
| Septuagint | The Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament (Genesis–Malachi) begun around 250 BC. |
| Diplomatic text | a printed scholarly edition that faithfully reproduces the exact wording of a single, specific historical manuscript rather than mixing readings from multiple different sources |
| Eclectic text | a reconstructed master text created by scholars by comparing different ancient manuscript variations and choosing the reading judged most likely to be original. |
| What is the Leningradensis? | The Leningrad Codex is the oldest complete manuscript of the Tanakh, the 39 books of the Bible. Written in Cairo on parchment in the year 1009 (the date appears on the manuscript |
| Aleppo Codex | a tenth-century medieval bound manuscript of the Hebrew Bible widely considered the most authoritative and accurate text of the Hebrew scriptures |
| Apocrypha | a collection of ancient religious writings written between 200 BC and AD 100 that are not part of the accepted official canon of scripture for all Christian denomination |
| How did the OT and NT canons become established? | Because a formal decree never occurred, historians emphasize that the formation of both Jewish and Christian canons was a gradual, organic process of community consensus |
| Vulage | Pope Damasus I asked the scholar Saint Jerome to translate and standardize the Bible into Latin around 382 AD. |
| What was the Vulgate translated from | broke with tradition translated most of the OT directly from the original Hebrew and Aramaic texts, not Septuagint that earlier Latin Bibles relied on he revised the existing Old Latin Gospels and translated the NT books using early Greek manuscripts |
| Textus Receptus | "received text." It is the name given to the Greek New Testament published by Erasmus in latin. advertising blurb in the 1630s in a different Greek New Testament published by the Elzevirs, uncle and his nephew. in Latin, “text that is received by all |
| Does the Textus Receptus include the OT | The Protestant Reformation-era translations (like the King James Version) that used the Textus Receptus for the New Testament relied on different source texts for the Old Testament, primarily the Hebrew Masoretic Text. |
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