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Concept Dis. Ch 27
Musculoskeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chemical secreted by nerve endings that activates neurons or muscle cells. | acetylcholine |
| congenital disturbance of endochondral bone formation that causes a type of dwarfism | achondroplasia |
| dense peripheral ring of fibrocartilage making up the intervetebral disk | annulus fibrosus |
| bone necrosis caused by interruption of its blood supply | avascular necrosis |
| formation of bone as, 1st, cartilage model that is then reabsorbed & converted into hone | endochondral bone formation |
| abnormal lateral curvature of spine | scoliosis |
| fibrocartilaginous joint between adjacent vertebral bodies | intervertebral disk |
| direct formation of bone osteoblasts without prior formation of a cartilage model | intramembranous bone formation |
| neoplastic proliferation of leukocytes | leukemia |
| malignant neoplasm of plasma cells | multiple melanoma |
| autoimmune, characterized by abnormal fatigability of muscle & caused by autoantibody damages acetylcholine receptors at myoneural junction | myasthenia gravis |
| procedure for visualizing encounter of dural sac surrounding spinal cord & nerve roots by injection of radiopaque material into dural sac | myelogram |
| soft elastic center of intervetebral disk | nucleus pulposus |
| degeneration of major weight-bearing joint | osteoarthritis |
| congenital disturbance of bone formation characterized by excessively tin/delicate bones that are easily broken | osteogenesis imperfecta |
| impaired calcification of bone in adult caused by vitamin D deficiency which also contributes to bone loss caused by osteoporosis | osteomalacia |
| inflammation of bone | osteomyleitis |
| generalized thinning & demineralization of bone tending to occur in postmenopausal women | osteoporosis |
| tough, fibrous membrane that covers a bone, except for its articular surfaces | periosteum |
| metabolic disease caused by overproduction of uric acid, reduced excretion of uric acid, or combination | primary gout |
| systemic disease primarily affecting synovium w/major effects in joints | rheumatoid arthritis |
| impaired calcification of bone in growing child, caused by vitamin D deficiency leading to bowing of leg bones when weight bearing is attempted | rickets |
| elevated uric acid & clinical manifestations of gout & not caused by metabolic disease, primary gout, but instead by some other disease that raised blood uric acid excessively | secondary gout |
| cytokine that can destroy foreign/abnormal cells | tumor necrosis factor |
| achondroplasia, malformation of fingers and toes, congenital clubfoot, and occurs with equal frequency in both men and women are common congenital abnormalities of | the skeletal system |
| most of the skeletal system is formed through | intramembranous bone formation |
| gout, osteoarthritis, & rheumatoid arthritis are all common types of | arthritis |
| gout most commonly affects | middle-aged males |
| presence of the __ __ is thought to indicate a predisposition towards rheumatoid arthritis | antigen HLA-DR4 |
| Osteoarthritis may be considered as a normal part of | the aging process |
| joints, kidneys, & urinary tract are the organs and systems affected by | gout |
| osteomyelitis can lead to ___ of the infected bone | necrosis |
| tumors that begin in other organs are very __ to metastasize to the bone | likely |
| osteoporosis is most likely to occur in | postmenopausal women |
| parathyroid hormone-like drugs, calcitonin, selective estrogen receptor modulators, bisphosphonate drugs are able to offset the effects of osteoporosis by | restoring bone density |
| most commonly occur in the lumbosacral region. | disc protrusions |
| results from a genetic mutation that is linked to the maternal X chromosome | muscular dystrophy |
| results from an autoimmune disorder which can also result in a tumor or benign hyperplasia of | thymus |
| outer layer of compact bone | cortex |
| inner spongy layer arranged in a loose meshed lattice of thin strands | trabeculae |
| spaces between trabeculae consist of fat and blood-forming tissue | bone marrow |
| specialized type of connective tissue | bones |
| composed of a dense connective tissue framework impregnated with | calcium phosphate salts |
| strength and thickness of bones depend on | activity |
| mesoderm transformed into osteoblasts that are converted into bone | intramembranous |
| cartilage model converted into bone | endochonral |
| malformation of fingers and toes, extra digits or polydactyly, born w/multiple fractures, thin and delicate bones easily broken | osteogenesis imperfecta |
| talipes equinavarus is the most common type of | congenital clubfoot |
| shallow acetabulum causes femoral head to be displaced out of socket | congenital dislocation of the hip |
| autoantibody in blood and synovial tissues; produced by B lymphocytes directed against individual’s own gamma globulin | rheumatoid factor |
| an insoluble end-product of purine metabolism | uric acid |
| may form within kidney and lower urinary tract | uric acid stones |
| urate deposits plug tubules and damage kidneys | urate nephropathy |
| bone broken in only two pieces | simple fracture |
| bone shattered into many pieces | comminuted fracture |
| fracture through a diseased area in the bone | pathologic fracture |
| plaster cast | closed reduction |
| internal fixation | open reduction |
| bacteria carried to bone from an infection in body; occurs at ends of bones; mostly in children; in adults: infection may spread into joints | hematogenous |
| hematogenous can lead to spread of infection may strip periosteum from cortex and | devitalize bone |
| in osteomyelitis organisms gain access to bone via | direct implantation of bacteria |
| usually metastatic tumors from prostate, breasts, other organs | tumors of the bone |
| plasma cell neoplasm | multiple myeloma |
| malignant tumor of cartilage | chondrosarcoma |
| malignant tumor of bone-forming cells | osteosarcoma |
| primary malignant bone tumors are | unusual |
| benign cysts and tumors of the bone are encountered | occasionally |
| generalized thinning and demineralization of entire skeletal system | osteoporosis |
| osteoporosis means | porous bones |
| osteoporosis is most common in postmenopausal women because the loss of estrogen accelerates rate of | bone reabsorption |
| treatments for osteoporosis include | high calcium diet & estrogen |
| interference in blood supply to the epiphysis of bones | avascular necrosis |
| at the ends of bone avascular necrosis results in | necrosis and degeneration |
| the disturbance in blood supply, seen in avascular necrosis, is usually from | injury |
| femoral head, tibial tubercle, articular surface of femoral condyle are | common sites for avascular necrosis |
| series of vertebrae joined by intervertebral disks and fibrous ligaments; forms central axis of the body | spine |
| fibrocartilaginous cushions interposed between adjacent vertebral bodies; function as shock absorbers | disks of the spine |
| cervical, lumbar, thoracic & sacral are all | curves of vertebral column |
| cervical and lumbar curves arch | forward |
| thoracic and sacral curves arch | backwards |
| intervertebral disks undergo progressive wear-and-tear degeneration of both nucleus and annulus | intervertebral disk disease |
| in intervertebral disk disease the nucleus pulposus may be extruded through a tear in | the annulus fibrosus |
| intervertebral disk disease manifests in a sudden onset of back pain that | radiates down the leg |
| intervertebral disk disease is diagnosed used | CT scan or myelogram |
| treatment for intervertebral disk disease is | surgery |
| idiopathic means | cause of condition is unknown |
| in scoliosis the asymmetry of the trunk in due to | spinal curvatures |
| in scoliosis the asymmetry causes one shoulder higher than other & pelvis is tilted so that one __ __ is higher than the other | iliac crest |
| some degree of __ __ __ accompanies scoliosis curvatures | rotation of vertebrae |
| in scoliosis, the rotation of vertebrae may lead to __ __ __ that attach to thoracic vertebrae | asymmetry of ribs |
| a hump-like deformity found in scoliosis is due to | posterior protrusion of ribs on one side of thorax |
| to treat scoliosis in a growing teenager, doctors would use a __ __ to help maintain normal position of spine | spinal brace |
| marked scoliosis may require __ treatment | surgical |
| for patient's with scoliosis, there are various surgical procedures that are used to | stabilize and correct spinal curvatures |
| area of communication between nerve and muscle | myoneural junction |
| when skeletal muscles contract ___ slide together | myofilaments |
| nerve stimulation releases acetylcholine that interacts with receptors on surface of muscle fibers and | initiates muscle contraction |
| this depends on an intact nerve supply, normal transmission of impulses across myoneural junction, & normal metabolic processes within the muscle | normal structure and functional integrity |
| skeletal muscle inflammation | myositis |
| localized myositis in caused from | injury or overexertion |
| due to a systemic disease or widespread degeneration & inflammation of skeletal muscle | generalized myositis |
| widespread degeneration & inflammation of skeletal muscle | polymositis |
| type of polymyositis associated with swelling and inflammation of skin | dermatomyositis |
| group of relatively rare diseases characterized by progressive atrophy or degeneration of skeletal muscle are classified in 2 large categories of | muscular atrophy and muscular dystrophy |
| progressive degeneration of motor nerve cells in cerebral cortex, brain stem & spinal cord that are secondary muscular weakness & atrophy | progressive muscular atrophy |
| degeneration of motor nerve cells in cerebral cortex, brain stem & spinal cord | degenerative disease of motor neurons |
| related to location of degenerating nerve cells w/in CNS & rate at which neuronal degeneration progresses | clinical manifestations of progressive muscular atrophy |
| in muscular dystrophy the nerve supply to muscles is | unaffected |
| abnormality in muscle fibers that causes them to degenerate | muscular dystrophy group of diseases |
| dystrophin is absent in muscle fibers; primarily affecting lower extrem., trunk, hips, & shoulder girdle; appears 1st in early childhood; most common/severe form of muscular dystrophy is called | Duchenne |
| dystrophin produced but either abnormal/produced in insufficient amounts; milder form of muscular dystrophy is called | Becker |
| result from mutation of large gene on X chromosome, & transmitted as X-linked trait to mail children of women who carry defective gene | Becker & Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
| muscle protein, located on inner surface of sarcolemma, maintains structure/function of muscle fibers | dystrophin |
| in both Becker & Duchenne muscular dystrophy, __ __ __ __ leaks from abnormal muscle fibers & high levels can be detected in blood | muscle enzyme creativity kinase (CK) |
| drugs that prolong action of acetylcholine is | treatment for myasthenia gravis |
| rheumatoid arthritis causes | chronic synovitis |
| ingrowth of inflammatory tissue over cartilage destroying it, leading to destruction of joints; deformities common | secondary effects of rheumatoid arthritis |
| joints usually affected by rheumatoid arthritis | small joints of hands & feet |
| special feature of rheumatoid arthritis is | the rheumatoid factor |
| age & sex of patient usually affected by osteoarthritis | adult, or older persons of both sexes |
| major characteristic of osteoarthritis is | "wear & tear" degeneration of articular cartilage |
| secondary effects of osteoarthritis | overgrowth of bone & thickening of periarticular soft tissues |
| special features of osteoarthritis | no systemic symptoms or biochemical abnormalities |
| disturbance of purine metabolism; acute episodes caused by crystals of uric acid in joints | major characteristics of gout |
| gouty arthritis & soft tissue tophi are | secondary effect of gout |
| deposits of uric acid in joint w/damage to joints | gouty arthritis |
| small joints & joint at base of great toe | joints usually affected by gout |
| special feature of gout | high blood level of uric acid |
Created by:
lfrancois
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