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Biochemistry
Lesson 1
| Biology | the study of life |
| Chemistry | the study of different chemicals or elements compound |
| Biochemistry | Study of the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems |
| Biochemistry | a field of science that deals with the study of chemical processes in plants and animals |
| Carbohydrates | is classified into four, namely as: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides, Derived carbohydrates |
| Lipids | are known as the fatty acids and are classified into two: − Saturated fatty acids − Unsaturated fatty acids |
| Proteins | it is the different amino acids |
| Enzymes | play an important role in metabolism, in breaking down foods into complex to a simpler one |
| Cells | are also considered as the smallest unit of life and the building blocks of life |
| Prokaryotes | Unicellular organisms like bacteria |
| Escherichia coli | bacteria found in contaminated water, foods, raw milk, and so on |
| Staphylococcus aureus | spread by touching infected blood or body fluids, most often by contaminated hands |
| FLAGELLA | The Pili, which is a protein, attached to the cell surface |
| CELL ENVELOPE | Consisting of a capsule, a cell wall, and a plasma membrane |
| CYTOPLASMIC REGION | Contains cell genome (DNA) and ribosome |
| Eukaryotes | It contains membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities takes place |
| nucleus | covered with the nuclear membrane |
| Cytoplasm | the large fluid field space and where organelles of cells reside |
| Cell membrane | (the transparent or protective layer of the egg) |
| cytoplasm | (white part of the egg) |
| Nucleus | (yellow part of the egg) |
| PLASMA MEMBRANE OR CELL MEMBRANE | It is thick in size since it is made mostly from a double layer of proteins and lipids, or fat-like molecules |
| CYTOSKELETON | The structure that will maintain the shapes of the cell and will anchor organelle in place |
| robert brown | who is the first identified the nucleus |
| We have 23 pairs of chromosomes, a total of 46 chromosomes | |
| Chromatin | It consists of a DNA bound protein |
| Chromosomes | These are formed when a cell divides chromatin condenses |
| Nucleolus | The nucleus also contains a darkened area, called nucleolus which is responsible for the manufacture of the RNA found in ribosomes |
| Ribosome | Is a large complex composed of many molecules, including RNAs and proteins, and is responsible for processing the genetic instruction |
| Organelles | It is found only in eukaryotes and are always surrounded by a protective membrane |
| ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | It is the organelle in which component of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified |
| GOLGI APPARATUS OR GOLGI COMPLEX | It was named after Camillo Golgi |
| Camillo Golgi | GOLGI APPARATUS OR GOLGI COMPLEX named after? |
| Mitochondria | It plays a critical role in generating energy in the eukaryotic cell; thus, these are called the “power houses” of the cell |
| Outer membrane | Surrounds the whole organelle |
| Inner Membrane | Thrown into folds or shelves that project inward |
| Chloroplast | It converts light energy from the sun into ATP through a process called photosynthesis |
| PEROXISOMES | It concentrates metabolic enzymes, especially those enzymes that accomplish oxidative metabolism |
| Vacoules | It transports material to and from the cell surface in amide isolated from the rest of the cell interior |
| Proteasomes | These are organelles devoted to dismantling of degraded or misfolded proteins |
| Mitosis | results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells |
| meiosis | produces four genetically different haploid cells |
| SIMPLE DIFFUSION | The movement of molecules from the area of greater concentration to the area of lesser concentration |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | It is the movement of substances and also requires carrier molecule |
| Carrier molecule | A membrane bound protein that binds to one or a few specific molecules and assists in their movement across |
| OSMOSIS | The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to the region of lower concentration |
| ISOTONIC SOLUTION | Equal concentration of water on both sides of the membrane |
| HYPERTONIC SOLUTION | Lesser water and greater solute concentration outside the cell than inside |
| HYPOTONIC SOLUTION | Greater water and lesser solute concentration outside the cell than inside |
| Filtration | It is the pushing of substances through a barrier in the body |
| Active Transport | It requires membrane proteins that are both enzymes and carriers |
| ENDOCYTOSIS | it needs ATP |
| PHAGOCYTOSIS | It came from the Greek word phagein |
| phagein | it mean to eat |
| PINOCYTOSIS | It came from the Greek word pinein (liquid) |
| Exocytosis | A cell discharges material by packaging it in a vesicle and moving the vesicle to the cell surface during this process |
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itsnotyourpanning
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