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APHuG Unit 3
Culture Patterns and Processes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Long-lot settlement pattern | A linear settlement pattern in which each farmstead is situated at one end of a long, narrow rectangular lot; each lot has access to a major linear resource, usually a river or a major road |
| Material culture | The physical, visible objects made and used by members of a cultural group; incudes buildings, furniture, clothing, food, artwork, and musical instruments |
| Nonmaterial culture | Intangible elements of culture including a wide range of beliefs, values, myths, and symbolic meanings passed from generation to generation within a given society |
| Cultural trait | A single aspect of a given culture or society |
| Local culture | Rural, ethnically homogenous culture that is deeply connected to the local land; the opposite of a popular culture |
| Indigenous culture | A local culture that is no longer the dominant ethnic group within its traditional homeland because of migration, colonization, or political marginalization |
| Popular culture | Heterogeneous culture that is more influenced by key urban areas and quick to adopt new technologies; the opposite of a local culture |
| Cultural attitudes | Concepts and ideas in a society that are shaped by cultural opinions, beliefs, and perspectives |
| Language | A mutually agreed-upon system of symbolic communication |
| Polyglot | A person who is fluent in more than two languages |
| Religion | A structed set of beliefs and practices through which people seek mental and physical harmony with the powers of the universe |
| Ethnic group | A people of common ancestry and cultural tradition; characterized by a strong feeling of group identity |
| Race | Historically defined by the physical characteristics of a group, especially skin color |
| Ethnic geography | The study of spatial aspects of ethnicity |
| Multiculturalism | A set of polices that promote the active participation and inclusion of minority groups in national histories, national politics, and cultural institutions with the goal of embracing difference within society |
| Ethnocentric approach | An approach to understanding other cultures that evaluates them from the perspective of the observer's culture |
| Cultural relativism | An approach to understanding others cultures that seeks to understand individuals and cultures from a wider persepective of cultural logic |
| Physical landscape | All the natural physical surroundings that create and shape the paces we are living in or examining |
| Placelessness | The feeling resulting from the standardization of the built environment; occurs where local distinctiveness is erased and many places end up with similar cultural landscapes |
| Modernist architecture | A functional, rational, and orderly style for building designs |
| Postmodern architecture | A design style that is a reaction against modernist architecture; it has a flair for the dramatic, creating a spectacle while serving a variety of functions |
| Sequent occupance | Refers to the fact that many places have been controlled or affected by a variety of groups over a period of time; those groups have reshaped the functions or meanings of those places and left behind layers of meaning |
| Sacred spaces | Natural or human-made sites that possess religious meaning and are recognized as worthy of devotion, loyalty, fear, or esteem |
| Secular | Less influenced or controlled by religion |
| Subculture | A group of people with distinct norms, values, and material practices that differentiate them from the dominant culture surrounding them |
| Sense of place | The distinctive feeling of a place, or a person's perception of place |
| Placemaking | Efforts to use and design public places to better serve the needs of residents and to foster a stronger community |
| Centripetal force | A force that brings people together and unifies a neighborhood, society, or country |
| Centrifugal force | A force that threatens the cohesion of a neighborhood, society, or country |
| Secularization | The process whereby religion becomes a less dominant force in everyday life than it was in the past |
| Absorbing barriers | Barriers that completely halt diffusion |
| Permeable barriers | Barriers that slow diffusion, but still allow some partial or weakened diffusion |
| Pidgin | A trade language, characterized by a very small vocabulary derived from the languages of at least two or more groups in contact |
| Creole | A combined language that has a fuller vocabulary than a pidgin language and becomes a native language |
| Creolization | The linguistic process where languages converge and create new languages and forms of communication |
| Lingua franca | A language of communication and commerce spoken across a wide area where it is not a mother tongue |
| Bilingualism | The ability to speak two languages fluently |
| Empire | A sovereign political entity that seeks to expand beyond their origin land to control more territory politically and/or economically |
| Imperialism | The motivating impulse to control greater amounts of territory |
| Colonialism | The act of forcefully controlling a foreign territory, which becomes known as a colony |
| Genocide | The systematic killing of members of a racial, ethnic, or linguistic group |
| Time-space convergence | The phenomenon whereby the introduction of new transportation technologies progressively reduces the time it takes to travel between places |
| Endangered language | A language that is not taught to children by their parents and is not used actively in everyday matters |
| Extinct language | A language that has only a few elderly speakers still living or no living speakers |
| Convergence hypothesis | The idea that cultures are converging, or becoming more alike |
| Glocalization | Adapting global practices to fit local cultural practices and preferences |
| Culture hearth | A focused geographic area where important innovations are born and from which they spread |
| Language family | A group of related languages that share a common ancestry |
| Dialect | A regional variation of a language that is understood by people who speak other variation of that language |
| Accent | A way of pronouncing words |
| Monotheistic | Relating to the belief in only one god |
| Universalizing relgion | A religion that actively seeks new members and believes its message has a universal importance and application |
| Ethnic religion | A religion identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group that does not seek converts |
| Proselytic | Describing a religion that spreads its message to others through missionary work |
| Toponyms | The names given to places |
| Generic toponym | The generic part of a place-name, often a suffix or prefix, such as -ville in Louisville |
| Polytheistic | Relating to the belief in many gods |
| Animistic religion | A faith that subscribes to the idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans, but also in animals, plants, rocks, natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, and other entities of the natural environment |
| Acculturation | Occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group adopts enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially |
| Assimilation | Occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group blends in with he host culture and loses many culturally distinctive traits |
| Transculturation | The notion that people adopt elements of other cultures as well as contribute elements of their own culture, thereby transforming both cultures |
| Syncretism | The blending of beliefs, ideas, practices, and traits, especially in a religious context |
| Orthodox religion | Religion that emphasized purity of faith and is generally not open to blending with elements of other belief systems |
Created by:
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sstiles08
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