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Chapter 5 vocabulary
Hartman’s Nursing Assistant Care: Long-Term Care and Home Care, 4th Edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| infection prevention | the set of methods practiced in healthcare facilities to prevent and control the spread of disease. |
| microorganism (MO) | a living thing or organism that is so small that it can be seen only under a microscope; also called microbe. |
| infection | the state resulting from pathogens invading the body and multiplying. |
| pathogens | microorganisms that are capable of causing infection and disease. |
| localized infection | an infection that is limited to a specific location in the body and has local symptoms. |
| systemic infection | an infection that travels through the bloodstream and is spread throughout the body, causing general symptoms.. |
| healthcare-associated infection (HAI) | an infection acquired in a healthcare setting during the delivery of medical care. |
| chain of infection | a way of describing how disease is transmitted from one human being to another. |
| causative agent | a pathogenic microorganism that causes disease. |
| reservoir | a place where a pathogen lives and multiplies. |
| portal of exit | any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave. |
| Mode of transmission | the method of describing how a pathogen travels. |
| direct contact | a way of transmitting pathogens through touching the infected person or his secretions. |
| indirect contact | a way of transmitting pathogens from touching an object contaminated by the infected person. |
| portal of entry | any body opening on an uninfected person that allows pathogens to enter. |
| mucous membranes | membranes that line body cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the linings of the mouth, nose, eyes, rectum, and genitals. |
| susceptible host | an uninfected person who could become sick. |
| transmission | passage or transfer. |
| infectious | contagious. |
| medical asepsis | measures used to reduce and prevent the spread of pathogens. |
| surgical asepsis | the state of being completely free of all microorganisms; also called sterile technique. |
| malnutrition | poor nutrition due to improper diet. |
| dehydration | a serious condition resulting from an inadequate amount of fluid in the body. |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) | a federal government agency that makes rules to protect workers from hazards on the job. |
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | a federal government agency that issues guidelines to protect and improve the health of individuals and communities. |
| Standard Precautions | a method of infection prevention in which all blood, body fluids, nonintact skin, and mucous membranes are treated as if they were infected with an infectious disease. |
| sharps | needles or other sharp objects. |
| hand hygiene | washing hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rubs. |
| personal protective equipment (PPE) | equipment that helps protect employees from serious workplace injuries or illnesses resulting from contact with workplace hazards. |
| don | to put on. |
| doff | to remove. |
| perineal care | care of the genital and anal area. |
| nonintact skin | skin that is broken by abrasions, cuts, rashes, acne, pimples, lesions, surgical incisions, or boils. |
| clean | in health care, a condition in which an object has not been contaminated with pathogens. |
| dirty | in health care, a condition in which an object has been contaminated with pathogens. |
| disinfection | a process that destroys most, but not all, pathogens; it reduces the pathogen count to a level that is considered not infectious. |
| sterilization | a cleaning measure used to decrease the spread of pathogens and disease by destroying all microorganisms, including those that form spores. |
| disposable | to be used only once and then discarded. |
| Transmission-Based Precautions | a method of infection prevention used when caring for persons who are infected or may be infected with certain infectious diseases. |
| multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) | microorganisms, mostly bacteria, that are resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents that are commonly used for treatment. |
| antimicrobial | an agent that destroys, resists, or |
| prevents the development of pathogens | |
| isolate | to keep something separate, or by itself. |
| bloodborne pathogens | microorganisms found in human blood that can cause infection and disease in humans. |
| HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) | the virus that attacks the body’s immune system and gradually disables it; eventually can cause AIDS. |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver caused by certain viruses and other factors, such as alcohol abuse, some medications, and trauma. |
| jaundice | a condition in which the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes appear yellow. |
| Bloodborne Pathogens Standard | federal law that requires that healthcare facilities protect employees from bloodborne health hazards. |
| exposure control plan | a plan designed to eliminate or reduce employee exposure to infectious material. |
| tuberculosis (TB) | a highly contagious disease caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, that is carried on mucous droplets suspended in the air; causes fatigue, loss of appetite, slight fever, prolonged coughing, and shortness of breath. |
| latent TB infection | a type of tuberculosis in which the person carries the disease but does not show symptoms and cannot infect others. |
| TB disease | type of tuberculosis in which the person shows symptoms of the disease and can spread it to others. |
| multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) | type of tuberculosis that is caused by an organism that is resistant to medication that is used to treat TB. |
| resistant | a state in which drugs no longer work to kill specific bacteria. |
| phlegm | thick mucus from the respiratory passage. |
| MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococ-cus aureus) | an antibiotic-resistant infection to methicillin. |
| VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococcus) | bacteria (enterococci) that have developed resistance to the antibiotic vancomycin. |
| Clostridioides difficile (C. diff, C. difficile) | a bacterium that is spread by spores in feces that are difficult to kill; it causes symptoms such as diarrhea and nausea and can lead to serious inflammation of the colon (colitis). |
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