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Phlebotomy Chapter 5
Chapter 5 Vocab Key Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| abdominal cavity | Body space between the diaphragm & the pelvis, which houses organs such as the stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, & kidneys |
| acidosis | A dangerous condition in which the pH of the blood is abnormally low (acidic, lower than 7) |
| adipose | Another term for a type of fatty tissue |
| alkalosis | A dangerous condition in which the pH of the blood is abnormally high (alkaline, higher than 7) |
| alveoli | Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen & cardon dioxide takes place |
| amylase | digestive enzyme |
| anabolism | Conversion of simple compounds into complex substances |
| anatomic position | Standing erect with arms at the side & eyes & palms facing forward |
| anatomy | Study of the structural composition of living things, the body in humans |
| avascular | Without blood or lymph vessels |
| axons | Threadlike fibers that carry messages away from the nerve cell body |
| body cavities | Large, hollow spaces in the body that house the various organs |
| body plane | A flat surface resulting from a real or imaginary cut through a body in the normal anatomical position |
| bronchi | Two airways that branch off the trachea and lead into the lungs |
| bursa | Small synovial fluid-filled sac in the vicinity of a joint that eases friction between joint parts or tendons & bone |
| cartilage | A type of hard, nonvascular connective tissue |
| catabolism | Breakdown of complex substances into simple ones |
| cranial cavity | Body space that houses the brain |
| dendrites | Thread-like fibers that carry messages to a nerve cell body |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid - the main component of chromosomes |
| dermis | Inner layer of the skin or true skin; composed of elastic & fibrous connective tissue |
| diaphragm | The dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity |
| distal | Farthest from the point of attachment |
| dorsal | Posterior or pertaining to back of body or body part |
| endocrine glands | Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| epidermis | Outermost & thinnest layer of the skin |
| EPO | Erythropoietin - hormone that stimulates red blood cell production when oxygen levels are low |
| exocrine glands | Glands that secrete substances through ducts (oil & sweat glands) |
| external respiration | Occurs when a person breathes in & O2 enters the blood stream in the lungs |
| frontal (coronal) plane | Real or imaginary vertical cut that divides the body into front & back portions |
| gametes | Sex or germ cells, needed to form a new human being |
| GI tract | Gastrointestinal Tract - also called alimentary tract; extends from mouth to anus |
| genes | Segments of DNA that can reproduce themselves & are the basic units of heredity |
| genome | Complete set of DNA with all the genes of the 46 chromosomes; they contain all the info needed to build & maintain a human being |
| glomerulus | A tuft of capillaries that filter water & dissolved substances from the blood |
| glucagon | Pancreatic hormone required to move glucose into the cells |
| hemopoiesis | Production & development of blood cells & other formed elements, normally in the bone marrow |
| homeostasis | Balanced or steady state of the internal environment of the body |
| hormones | Powerful chemical substances that have a profound effect on many body processes |
| insulin | A hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans, which regulates the amount of glucose in the blood |
| integument | Covering or skin |
| internal respiration | Occurs when CO2 leaves the blood stream & enters the cells |
| IRDS | Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome - a deficiency of surfactant in premature infants causes the alveoli to collapse |
| kidneys | Organs that form & excrete urine; bean-shaped organ |
| larynx | Voice box - enlarged upper end of the trachea that houses the vocal cords |
| lipase | Digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas |
| lumbar puncture | Aka spinal puncture or spinal tap; procedure in which a physician inserts a special needle into the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid |
| meninges | The three layers of connective tissue that encloses the brain & spinal cord |
| metabolism | The sum of all the physical & chemical reactions necessary to sustain life |
| midsagittal (medial) plane | Divides the body vertically into equal right & left portions |
| mitosis | Process by which cells divide & DNA doubles |
| nephron | The microscopic functional unit of the kidneys |
| neurons | Fundamental units of the nervous system; enables the body to interact with its external & internal environment |
| nucleus | The command center of a cell; contains the chromosomes that govern all cell activities |
| papillae | Give rise to ridges & grooves that form the fingerprints |
| pelvic cavity | Body cavity that houses the urinary bladder & reproductive organs |
| peristalsis | Wave-like contractions of intestinal muscles that help move food through the system |
| pharynx | Throat; passageway that receives food from the mouth & delivers it to the esophagus. It also receives air from the nose & carries it into the larynx |
| physiology | The function of an organism or the science of the functions of living organisms |
| pituitary gland | Aka the master gland; gland that secretes hormones that control other glands |
| pleura | Layer of thin membrane that encases the lungs |
| prone/pronation | Lying face down & act of turning face down |
| proximal | Nearest to the point of attachment |
| sagittal plane | Divides the body vertically into right & left portions |
| spinal cavity | Dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord |
| squamous | Flat or scale-like |
| stratified | Cells that are arranged in layers |
| subcutaneous | Layers of connective tissue & adipose tissue; beneath the skin |
| supine/supination | Lying on the back face up & the act of turning face up |
| surfactant | A substance that coats the walls of the alveoli; lowers the surface tension & helping to keep the alveoli inflated |
| synovial fluid | Viscid (sticky), colorless fluid found in joint cavities |
| thoracic cavity | Ventral cavity that houses the heart & lungs |
| trachea | Windpipe; one of the major structures of the respiratory system |
| transverse plane | Divides the body horizontally into upper & lower portions |
| trypsin | Digestive enzyme |
| ureters | Narrow tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
| urethra | The duct (tube) through which urine is voided from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body |
| urinary bladder | A muscular sac that serves as a reservoir for urine |
| ventral | Anterior; to the front of the body |
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