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Summer Paper Vocab
WHAP 23-24
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| paleolithic | (Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculture |
| pastoral | nomadic animal-herding societies often known for spreading religion, culture, and technology across trade routes throughout history |
| conduit | a means by which something is transmitted |
| surplus | More of something than as needed |
| metallurgy | the science of working with metals |
| agrarian | relating to land; relating to the management or farming of land |
| elite | People of wealth and power; upper class -- did not emerge until settled societies developed |
| egalitarian | believing in the social and economic equality of all people - existing before setting societies in hunter-gatherer groups |
| patriarchy | a form of social organization in which men are the supreme authority in the family, society, and political realm |
| Neolithic Revolution | (10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start civilization |
| specialization | The concentration of her productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities; increases efficiency |
| social hierarchy | The division of society by rank or class. |
| Mesopotamia | (land between the rivers) The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; birthplace of the Sumerian and Babylonian Civilizations. Participated in state expansion and and empire building |
| Ancient Egypt | Ancient civilization centered around Nile River; unified by Menes around 3000 B.C.; divided into the old, middle, and new kingdoms; gods included Osiris, Isis, Re, and Horus; believed in Divine Kingship; participate in state expansion and empire building |
| disseminate | To scatter or spread widely |
| monumental architecture | Large structures, such as pyramid, temples, public spaces, and large statues, that tend to appear wherever powerful leaders emerge; a feature of all agrarian civilizations |
| urban planning | The area of land use planning which explores several aspects of built and social environments of municipals and communities |
| Code of Hammurabi | credited as the first written law code; written by a Babylonian king and established the basis for law codes |
| Zoroastrianism | One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. |
| Judaism | A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament. |
| Vedic religion | The ancient religion of the Aryan people who entered northwestern India from Persia c. 2000-1200 B.C.E. It was the precursor of Hinduism, and its beliefs and practices are contained in the Vedas |
| diaspora | any group migration or flight from a country or region; dispersion. Particularly used in relation to Jews scattered by Romans in 70 CE or to Africans Slave Trade. |
| Hinduism | A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation, karma, the caste system, and a supreme being who takes many forms |
| Buddhism | A religion with origins in IndiaMau in which Buddha's teachings that life is filled with suffering caused by desire and suffering stops when desire stops. Enlightenment obtained through conduct, wisdom, meditation releases one from desire, suffer, rebirth |
| Emperor Ashoka | Maurya empire of India (320-185 BC); greatest emperor of India; conversion to Buddhism and spread Buddhism throughout India by building shrines and pillars for Buddhists |
| Confucianism | A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government. The relationships are, ruler to ruled, father to son, older brother to younger brother, husband to wife, friend to friend |
| five relationships | Confucian philosophy about social order where everyone has a place and respect is paid to elders, parents, and the government. The relationships are, ruler to ruled, father to son, older brother to younger brother, husband to wife, friend to friend |
| filial piety | In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. |
| Mandate of Heaven | A political theory developed during the Zhou Dynasty of ancient China in which those in power were believed to have the right to rule from divine authority. |
| Christianity | Monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in the New Testament. Drew on Judaism and initially rejected Roman and Hellenistic. Spread through efforts of missionaries. Eventually gained support by the time of Constantine |
| Greco-Roman philosophy | emphasized logic, empirical observation, and the nature of political power and hierarchy |
| monasticism | Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centers of Learning in Medieval Europe) - occurred in Christian and Buddhist communist |
| shamanism | tribal religion; involves community acceptance of a shaman, religious leader, healer, and worker of magic who can intercede with the spirit world |
| animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life |
| ancestor veneration | Worship and respect for ancestors (occurred in African. Mediterranean, East Asia, and Andean societies during the classical time period) |
| Sassanid Empire | The name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian (Persian) empire. - one of the two powers in west Asia for more than 400 years - founded by Ardashir 1 after defeated the last Parthian - Persia, involves the revival of Zoroastrianism - fought the Byzantines |
| Han Dynasty | (202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalism |
| Mauryan Empire | The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. |
| Hellenistic Empire | The spread of Greek culture from the death of Alexan the Great to defeat of Cleopatra & Mark Antony by Octavian in 31BC. This period Greek culture flourished - spread thru mediterranean into Near East & Asia centering Alexandria in Egypt, Pergamum Turkey |
| Mayans | 1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hemisphere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order. |
| Greek city-states | Polis, farmer-warriors; culturally unified (Homer, language) but politically diverse (kingship and democracy), unified by a language, polytheistic religion, and culture - otherwise very distinct |
| centralized government | A government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which local governments are subject (ex: China, Rome, Byzantines, etc) |
| qanat system | a traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields |
| champa rice | Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.) |
| stirrup | device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. First evidence of the use of stirrups was among the Kushan people of norther Afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E. |
| lateen sail | triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade |
| dhow sail | emerged in middle east; sturdy enough to carry a lateen sail to cross open water; vessel of commerce and used in the Indian Ocean |
| caste | any of social or subclasses of traditional Hindu society, such as the Brahman or Sudra castes; a class distinct from others and characterized by hereditary rank profession or wealth;(n) a social position conferred on someone based on a system of castes. |
| Silk Road | An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Other info: facilitated by pastoral groups, trade of luxury goods, use of camel caravans. |
| caravanserai | Fortified inns that were built along trade routes in Central and Western Asia in the twelfth century to provide food, lodging, and protection for merchants traveling with camels, donkeys, and horses |
| Trans-Saharan trade | route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling desert, camels played a huge role in the trading |
| Indian Ocean trade | Connected to Europe, Africa, & China. Worlds richest maritime trading network & an area of rapid Muslim expansion. Spices, slaves,silk, ivory, gold and many other items crossed through the Indian Ocean, & the spread of Islam owed much to the trade network |
| Gupta | Powerful Indian state based in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Often associated with a Golden Age of classical India |
| Phoenicians | located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform |
| collapse of classical empires | spread of disease, over-expansion, corrupt governments, invasions by nomadic/pastoral groups, over-taxation of peasants, food shortages |
| Legalism | Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws; embraced by the Qin Dynasty |
| Daoism | Chinese religion that believe the world is changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept world as they find it, avoid struggles, and deviate tiny bit from "the Tao" aka "the way" or "path" of nature, harmony with nature; ying & yang |
Created by:
theo.s
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