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Module 13 Lesson 4-7
Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who were the first Americans? | The hunter-gatherers that moved from Asia to North America between 30,000 and 12,000 years ago were the first Americans. |
| How did wealthy families part of the Pacific Northern Native Americans show rank and prosperity? | Potlatch ceremonies (used by Pacific Northwestern Native Americans); wealthy families showed rank and prosperity by giving food, drinks, and gifts to the community. |
| Where did the Hohokam people learn how to irrigate crops, create pottery, and weak baskets from? | From contact with the Mesoamerican people to the south. |
| Describe the architecture of the Anasazi people. | The people made grouped houses in shallow caves that broke up canyons. By the 900's, they were living in pueblos. They had small windows to reduce heat. Many pueblos were left around 1200. |
| What were the locations of the Southeastern, Anasazi, Northeastern, Pacific Northern, and Southwest Native Americans? | Southeaster-woods of Mississippi River Northeastern-woodlands of northeastern United States Pacific Northern-area from Oregon to Alaska Southwestern-southern United States and northern Mexico Anasazi-Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico |
| Why were the Northeastern Native Americans known as Mound Builders? | They built large mounds of earth that were filled with copper and stone artwork. Some mounds revealed the shapes of animals when looked at from above. |
| Why did the Northeastern Native Americans ally with the Iroquois? | The Iroquois alliance was set up in the late 1500's and was called the Iroquois League. The league linked five tribes in upper New York. Alliances like this were established to end any fighting for control over land. |
| Name the factors that connected the Native American tribes. | Trade linking all regions of North America, religious ideas and the idea that the world is full of spirits, a respect for land which could not be owned, emphasis on family as a social unit. |
| How were some families linked together? How was this represented? | Families with a common ancestor made up large groups called clans. These clans were represented by a totem, a natural object or animal that represented the identity of the clan. |
| What were pueblos? | Pueblos were apartment-style groupings made of stone and sun-baked clay. They often had windows to keep the interior cool. |
| What was an important resource for the Pacific Northwestern Native Americans and how was it utilized? | The sea was an important resource. It was used for hunting whales and gathering food from the forests on the coast. |
| Where was the Mayan Civilization located? | Maya was located in southern Mexico and northern Central America. |
| What was one famous Mayan city? What do most cities consist of? | One of the most famous Mayan cities was Tikal. Tens of thousands of Mayans lived in these cities. they were full of palaces, temples, and pyramids. |
| How were Mayan cities linked together? | Trade linked Mayan cities together. Traded goods included salt, flint, feathers, shells, cotton, cloth, jade, cacao beans, corn beans and squash. |
| What was the government like in Mayan cities? How was this linked to religion? | Each city was independent and ruled by god-king. Theocracy was the common government in which the leader was the ruler of government and religion. Each city was a religious and trade center for nearby areas. |
| The top, middle, and lower class structures consisted of... | Top: best warriors, priests Middle: merchants, craftworkers Bottom: peasant farmers |
| What was the Mayan religion like? | Religion was the center of society and was polytheistic. The God's actions were predicted by calendars. There was one God for each day of the year. |
| How did Mayans make sacrifices for their polytheistic religion? | Mayans were involved in blood-letting and some killed their enemies and sacrificed them. Some of their actions were seen as barbaric. |
| Name three major Mayan concepts/innovations. | 1. The concept of zero 2. The creation of calendars; a religious calendar with 13 20-day months and one with 18 20-day months 3. Accurate astronomy; They observed the sun and moon and used stars to make calendars. They calculated Earth's revolution time |
| How did Mayans use writing to record historical events? | They created the most advanced writing system in ancient America. They used around 800 symbols called glyphs and used them as their writing system. They were carved in stone or bark-paper books called codexes. Popul Vuh was a famous Mayan book in glyphs. |
| List the five possible reasons for the decline of the Mayan civilization in the late 800's. | Overpopulation-10 people lived in Maya Drought-95% of the land was drained, harming agriculture Warfare-wars increased over resources, disrupting trade Abuse of resources-soil became less fertile Lost faith-religion could not prevent famine and war |
| What made the Valley of Mexico a great place to settle? | The Valley of Mexico is a mountain valley more than a mile above sea level and is a good place for people to settle because it has lakes and fertile soil. |
| Name two unique features of Teotihuacan. | The city was the center of a major trade network. The trade of obsidian (volcanic glass) was most important and was used to make sharp weapons. The city also had a pyramid of the sun, standing 200 ft high with a 3,000 ft base |
| Who were the Toltecs? | A group of people that rose to power in 900 AD and ruled Mexico for 300 years. They worshipped a warlike god and were an empire based on conquest. |
| Why did the Toltecs rebel against Topiltzin? | He tried to replace the warlike god of the Toltecs with Quetzalcoatl, the Feathered Serpent, a peaceful god. Both Quetzalcoatl and Topiltzin became Toltec legends. Some say Quetzalcoatl will return and bring a reign of peace someday. |
| What was the Triple Alliance? | The Triple Alliance of 1428 joined the Aztecs with two other city-states, making it the leading power of Mexico. |
| The Aztec empire was based on... | ...military conquest and collecting wealth from conquered peoples. |
| List the components of the Aztecs' social structure. | Top-emperor, who was treated like a god, ruler Noble-military leaders, government officials, priests Lower-commoners, merchants, crafterworkers, soldiers, farmers Bottom-slaves |
| Why was Tenochtitlan built? | It was built on an island in a lake. Through the city, the Aztecs made causeways to connect the city to the mainland. The city was a well-planned and large religious complex. |
| Why were the Aztecs' religious practices seen as extreme? | Priests made sacrifices of human blood to make the sun god happy, allowing the sun to rise everyday. Captives were sacrificed. The need for victims and people to sacrifice increased warfare between the Aztecs and nearby regions. |
| List the issues with the Aztec empire. | Aztecs faced issues during the Montezuma II reign in 1502. They forced captives to hand over more people to sacrifice, causing them to rebel. The Spanish arrived and conquered the Aztecs with horses and superior weapons, causing the Aztec's decline. |
| What were the Aztecs main great achievements? | Their calendar, architecture and pyramids (Pyramid of the Sun), astronomy, mathematics, trade, (Triple Alliance), military, creation of causeways, a city on a lake, and writing |
| Name similarities between the Mayans and Aztecs. | Both worshipped many gods, built an empire on conquest, had a polytheistic religion involving sacrifices and bloodletting, allied with other regions to gain control, and made advancements in astronomy. |
| Where was the Inca civilization located? | Inca developed in the Andes Mountains in South America. They first settled in the Valley of Cuzco in present-day Peru. |
| What did the Inca believe about their rulers and how was it similar to the Aztecs and Mayans? | Their rulers were related to the sun god, Inti, who brought them wealth and power. The other civilizations also believed in a sun god. |
| What were the conditions like in Inca and how did they adapt? | In the environment, harsh conditions such as warm weather and earthquakes made it necessary to communicate from long distances and made the region difficult to farm. They used terracing to develop crops in areas that should have been infertile. |
| How did the Inca empire grow? | Inca grew through military conquest and through the introduction of new peoples as long as they swore to stay loyal to the emperor. Even though they used force, the Inca implied a more friendly notion than a fearful and barbaric one. |
| Name one famous Inca city and why it is famous. | Machu Picchu was the Incan city of the sky and still stands today high on a mountain. |
| Who were the ayllu? | Ayllu worked alongside the government and for the common good, creating an organized system to govern the empire. They built ditches and families were placed in groups led by a chief. They possibly created the first welfare state. |
| How did the Inca treat conquered people? | They let local rulers stay where they were conquered from as long as they met the demands of Inca and paid mita, the payment of labor. Some worked on state farms, maintained roads, or worked on state buildings. |
| Describe the public works of the Inca? | Inca created complex roads linking all parts of the empire. |
| What did the Inca do that was similar to the Mayans and Aztecs? | The Inca had day and night calendars with information about their gods. |
| What did the Spanish do to divide and conquer Inca? | In the 1500's, Inca peaked in power under Huayana Capac's rule. When he died, a civil war broke out between his sons Atahualpa and Huascar. This weakened the empire, giving the Spanish the opportunity to conquer with armor, horses, and gunpowder. |
| What is different about the Inca compared to the Mayans and Aztecs in terms of communication? | While the Inca had a common language of Quechua, they did not have a writing system, causing a lack of knowledge about the civilization. They had a device for counting called a quipu. |
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