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Histopathology
Exams
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ● main sources of energy in the body. ● mobilized - monosaccharides (glucose). | Carbohydrates |
| ● polysaccharides of glucose. ● normally stored in the liver, heart and skeletal muscle. | Glycogen |
| ● made of hexosamines (neutral mucopolysaccharides). ● is mucus that is secreted by the goblet cells of intestinal mucosa, respiratory lining cells and certain glands. ● found in intercellular substances and connective tissue fibers. | Mucin |
| Demonstrate carbohydrates which contain 1-2 glycols or closely related structures in the tissue. ○ | Periodic Acid Shiff |
| Types of Reaction (PAS) | PAS-positive staining reaction ■ oxidation must occur to produce aldehyde. ○ PAS-negative staining reaction ■ oxidation beyond the aldehyde stage. ○ Pale or false negative reaction ■ over-oxidation |
| ● Most used and most effective oxidizing agent ● Less popular for fungal cell walls ○ oxidant used for fungi is often chromic acid (chromium trioxide in water) | Periodic Acid |
| Other Oxidizing Agents (For Periodic Acid) | ○ Permanganic acid ○ Performic acid ○ Peracetic acid ○ Lead tetraacetate |
| Most fixatives can be used with this staining technique, except those that contain osmic acid, chromates and permanganates. | PAS stain |
| PAS stain can be used to demonstrate the following substances: | Polysaccharides, Neutral Mucus, Tissue basement membrane, Fungal organism |
| counter stain to visualize other tissue elements. | Hematoxylin |
| PAS Stain can help with the diagnosis of: | Glycogen storage diseases: Tumors, Fungal Infection, Basement Membrane. |
| Essential component of Schiff reagent | is basic fuchsin, which is a mixture of three dyes: Rosaniline, Pararosaniline, Magenta II |
| Expected Result from Staining Method (PAS) | Magenta, Purplish-pink color |
| Order | (Stain-Substance Stained-Color Result-Comments |
| PAS | -Glycogen, Mucins, Bacteria & Fungi, basement membrane-PAS (+):Magenta red-Basic fuchsin: essential component of Schiff reagent |
| PAS w/diastase ctrl | -Glycogen-Red-Method of choice for glycogen staining |
| Best Carmine | -Glycogen-Bright Red-Selective & highly specific for glycogen |
| Langhan's iodine Method | -Glycogen-Mahogany-Brown-Obselete not specific for glycogen |
| Alcian Blue | - Acid Mucins-Blue-Avoid celloidinization of slides |
| Alcian Blue-PAS | Any Mucins (Acid/Neutral)-Acid mucin: Blue Neutral Mucin: Magenta:Avoid Ehrlich's hematoxylin |
| Gomori's Aldehyde Fuchsin Stain | Acid MPS Sulfated mucins Carboxylated mucins-Sulfated mucins: purple Carboxylated mucins: blue |
| Mucicarmine Stain | Cryptococcus neoformans Mucins - Mucin - Red - Avoid Ehrlich Hematoxylin |
| Colloidal | Acid-Mucins-Dark blue |
| Acridine orange | Acid mucins/MPS Fungi Acid MPS: black Fungi: greenish red fluorescence Lasts for only 2 hrs |
| Sudan black | Lipids-Blue Black |
| Sudan IV (Scharlach R) | Lipids (TAG) - red - Most commonly used stain |
| Oil red O | Lipids - Brilliant Red |
| Osmium Tetroxide | Lipids - Black |
| Nile blue sulfate method | Neutral fat Cholesterin esters Cholesterin fatty acids Fatty acids & soap Cerebrosides = Pinkish red = Light red = Light red = Deep blue to violet = Light blue. |
| Toluidine blue-acetone mtd | Sulfatide-Metachromatic red-brown or yellow |
| Borohydride-Periodic-Schiff Method | Gangliosides-Red |
| Alkaline fast green method | Histones-protamines-Green-Fast green stains basic groups in tissues |
| Peracetic Acid Alcian Blue | Cystine, Cystein - Blue Green |
| Sakaguchi's test | Arginine, Orange-red - Milton Reagent |
| Gomori Calcium Method | Alkaline-Phosphatase-Brownish-black |
| Gomori Lead method | Acid phosphatase, Black |
| Lead Method | 5-nucleotidase-Blackish brown deposits |
| Metal Precipitation | ATPase-Dark Brownish-black ppt-For skel. muscle biopsies |
| Calcium Cobalt Ion | ATPase-Cobalt Phosphate Ppt- For Skeletal Muscle biopsy |
| a-naphtyl acetate method | Non-specific esterase-Reddish brown |
| Indoxyl Acetate Method | Nonspecific esterase-Blue |
| Teterzolium Method | Monoamine oxidase-Bluish black |
| Feulgen Technique | DNA-Red-Purple-Most reliable & specific histochemical staining technique for DNA Contains Schiff’s reagent |
| Methyl green-pyronin | RNA, DNA- RNA(Red) DNA(Green) |
| Gomori’s silver impregnation stain | Reticulin Fibers-Black-Reticulin=Argyrophilic (Silver Stain) |
| Van Gieson’s stain | Collagen Muscle, cytoplasm, RBC, fibri, = Pink/Deep red = Yellow - Contains acid fuchsin and picric acid |
| Masson's Trichrome Stain | Collagen & Mucus Muscle, RBC & Keratin = Blue = Red |
| Mallory's aniline blue | Collagen fibers, cytoplasm, fibroglia fibrils, axon cylinders, neuroglia Elastic fibers, RBCs, myelin sheets, = Pale Pink/Yellow = Yellow, (-) Fuchsin: Excellent and colorful method of demonstrating CT fibers |
| Azocarmine | CT, Glomerular basement membrane, Amyloid & mucous colloid, = Deep blue -Heidenhain's modification of Mallory's aniline blue stain |
| Weigert's | Elastic fibers-Dark-blue/blue-black |
| Verhoeff's | Elastic fibers/black |
| Taenzer-Unna-Orcein mtd | Elastic fibers - Dark-brown |
| Krajin's technique | Elastic fibers Fibrin & CT RBC,= Bright red = Dark blue = Orange-yellow, Rapid Method |
| Martius-Scarlet-Blue | RBCs Muscle Collagen Fibrin= Yellow = Red = Blue - Early fibrin = yellow Old fibrin = blue= Red |
| Mallory’s PTAH | Fibrin, muscle striations, neuroglia, amoeba RBCs Myelin Collagen, osteoid, cartilage, elastic fibers = Dark = Blue = Lighter blue = Deep brownish-red |
| Congo red | Amyloid-Red |
| Methyl violet-crystal violet method | Amyloid-Purplish red |
| Thioflavin-T fluorescent staining | Amyloid Yellow Fluorescence |
| Modified Gomori’s Trichrome stain | Muscle fibers Collagen = Red = Green |
| Lissamine fast red | Muscle, RBC Collagen, =Red =Yellow |
| Schmorl's Picro-Thionin | Lacunae & canaliculi Bone matrix = Dark brown-black = Yellow/brownish-yellow |
| Bielschowsky’s technique | Neurofibril, axons & dendrites Neuroglia & collagen,= Black on a grayish BG = Lightly stained |
| Bodian | Nerve fibers & nerve endings |
| Sevier-Munger technique | Peripheral neuritis Axons Myelin sheath Neuritic plaques & tangles Argentaffin granules,= Black = Black = Light brown = Black = Black |
| Toluidine blue | Nissl granules & nucleoli - Deep blue |
| Polychrome methylene blue | Nissl granules & nucleoli -Deep blue |
| Thionine | Nissl granuls & nucleoli - Purple |
| Cresyl fast violet | Nissl substance Neurons= Purple-dark blue = Pale purple blue -Nissl granules: a.k.a. Tigroid substances |
| Weigert-Pal technique | Myelin sheath -Blue black |
| Luxol fast blue | Myelin-Blue-green |
| Weil’s method | Myelin - Black |
| Cajal’s gold sublimate method | Astrocytes -Black on a light brownish BG |
| Perl’s Prussian blue | Hemosiderin - Deep blue |
| Gomori’s Prussian blue | Iron pigments - Bright Blue |
| Turnbull's blue | Ferrous Iron (Hemosiderin) Blue |
| Benzidine-nitroprusside stain | Hemoglobin and oxidase granules - Dark blue |
| Mod. Fouchet’s technique | Bile pigments -Emerald to blue green |
| Gmelin technique | Bile & hematoidin -Blue-purple then green |
| Stein's iodine test | Bile Pigments - Depend on the oxidation of the pigment to green biliverdin by iodine |
| Schmorl's ferric ferricyanide method | Bile, lipofuscins, melanin, argentaffin cells, chromaffin thyroid colloid |
| Gomori's Aldehydre fuchsin | Lipofuscin-Purple |
| Mallory's fuchsin stain | Hemofuscin-Red |
| Masson Fontana technique | Melanin-Argentaffin cell granules = Black = Black = Argentaffin reaction: melanin reduces ammoniacal silver solutions w/o use of a reducer |
| Von Kossa’s silver nitrate method | Calcium - Black |
| Lindquist modified rhodanine technique | Copper - Red to orange-red |
| Gram-Twort stain | Gram (+) organisms Gram (-) organisms RBCs Elastic fibers = Blue-black = Pink-red = Green = Black |
| Brown & Brenn method | Gram (+) bacteria Gram (-) bacteria = Blue = Red |
| Wade-Fite technique | M. leprae - Golden yellow |
| Toluidine | H. pylori - Dark blue against blue BG |
| Cresyl violet acetate mtd | H. pylori - Blue violet |
| Dieterle method | L. pneumophila & spirochetes - Dark brown to black |
| Levaditi’s method | Spirochetes - Black on yellowish BG |
| Modified Steiner & Steiner technique | Spirochetes, Donovan bodies, fungi, bacteria - Black |
| Warthin-Starry method | Spirochetes Black |
| Grocott Methenamine Silver | Fungi Mucin & glycogen Mycelia & hyphae RBCs = Sharply outlined I black = Gray-black = Old rose = Yellow |
| Lendrum’s phloxine- tartrazine method | Viral inclusions-Bright Red |
| Orcein method | HBsAg - Brown-black |
Created by:
Jahad000
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