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History Final Terms
All the terms that are on the History Final study guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mandate of Heaven | Idea that rulers had to be just to keep the favor of the gods; when disaster occurred the rulers would be overthrown |
| Great Wall | A giant wall built in 220 BC; peasants forced to work on it by Qin Shi Huang; made for defense |
| Zhou Dynasty | 1046-26 BC; longest ruling dynasty |
| Warring States Period | 403-221 BC; developed crossbow and armor; army had more discipline |
| Sun-Tzu | Wrote Art of War; said that the ideal general had lots of knowledge and was an expert in deception; was all about discipline |
| Qin Shi Huang | Founder of the Qin Dynasty; "First Emperor"; legalist emperor; terracotta soldiers and Great Wall |
| Confucius and Confucianism | 5 relationships (ruler/subject, father/son, husband/wife, older brother/younger brother, friend/friend); focus on morality and family |
| Filial Piety | Respect for elders/males |
| Han Fei and Legalism | Thought that people were evil by nature and should be controlled; harsh punishments; control ideas and actions |
| Laozi and Daoism | Only natural world was important, people should just live simple lives and not disrupt the natural order |
| Yin and Yang | Idea of dark vs light, feminine vs masculine, and balance |
| Qin Dynasty | 221-206 BC; Legalist; focused on conquering and defense |
| Liu Bang/Gaozu | 1st Han emperor; removed a lot of the harsh Qin laws |
| Sima Qian | Wrote the 1st history of China; wrote the Records of the Grand Historian; his dad was the grand historian before him |
| Records of the Grand Historian | Written by Sima Qian, first of the histories about China's government and the dynasties |
| Analects | Written by Confucius' followers; a collection of Confucius' saying and ideas |
| Eunuchs | A castrated man who was part of the Chinese government |
| Wang Mang | Only emperor of the Xin dynasty; overthrew the Han dynasty |
| Han Dynasty | 202 BC-220 AD; "Golden Age" of Ancient China |
| Inventions of the Han Dynasty | Paper, suspension bridge, wheelbarrow, seismograph |
| Fall of the Han Dynasty | Ineffective emperors asked eunuchs for help, but they usually had their own agendas; 1 degree drop that caused problems in agriculture; smallpox; warlords took control of large portions |
| Silk Road | Established by Emperor Wu; series of trade routes stretching from China to Rome; helped w/ cultural diffusion |
| Silk | Highly valued all over Asia and Europe; only the Chinese knew how to produce it using silk worms |
| Tributary System | System where other nations/regions gave the more powerful nation money or goods in order to keep them happy |
| Siddhartha Gautama | Buddha; lived an ascetic life; began a search for nirvana |
| Dharma | Basic teachings shared by all Buddhists |
| Karma | Idea of the soul carrying the effects of all good and bad deeds |
| The Four Noble Truths | Had to understand them before starting the eightfold path; truth of suffering, truth of cause of suffering, truth of the end of suffering, and truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering |
| Eightfold Path | Way to get rid of suffering and to reach nirvana |
| Sui Dynasty | 581-618 AD; unified China under one rule after the Period of Disunion |
| Tang Dynasty | 618-907 AD; Golden age of culture |
| Wu Zetian | Empress Wu; only female emperor/empress to Rule China; very effective; supported Buddhism |
| Emperor Xuanzong | Improved security on the Silk Road; started the golden age of the Tan Dynasty |
| Grand Canal | Helped to transport grain to reach the capital cities |
| Ghana | 900-1100; Role model for other rulers; had a monopoly for gold |
| Mansa Musa | A ruler of Mali; built on foundations from earlier leaders |
| Bantu | A group of Niger-Congo languages spoken in central and southern Africa |
| Mali | 1200-1450; had strong agriculture/commercial base, and had 2 rulers |
| Timbuktu | Trade center and center for learning under Mansa Musa |
| Aksum | A kingdom near Ethiopia that had an influence on Ethiopia's culture |
| Bedouin | A nomadic Arab of the desert |
| Muhammad | Founder of Islam; was a merchant who had visions from Gabriel |
| Mecca | Muhammad's birthplace; sacred spot for Muslims |
| Five Pillars of Islam | Faith, prayer, fasting, almsgiving, and pilgrimage |
| Islam | The submission to God/Muhammad |
| Qu'ran | Revelations given to Muhammad by Gabriel/the direct word of God |
| Hadith | Other sayings of Muhammad/advice |
| Sunni | Islams opposed to political succession based on Muhammad's bloodline |
| Shia | Islams that believe Ali and his descendants are part of a divine order |
| Abbasids | One of the caliphates that succeeded Muhammad (third) |
| Caliph | An Islamic ruler |
| Sufism | Individualized type of Islam |
| Ummayads | One of the caliphates that succeeded Muhammad (second) |
| Fatimids | A caliphate that is a dynasty of Arab origin |
| Al-Andalus | Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian peninsula (Spain in Muslim control) |
| Madrasas | Islam law schools where the Qur'an was memorized and analyzed |
| Heian Period | 794-1185; Japanese golden age; Fujiwara family in control |
| Shogun | Hereditary military leaders appointed by the emperor |
| Daimyo | A lord in feudal Japan who were in charge of the shoguns |
| Shinto | Japan's native belief system |
| Samurai | Skilled warriors that gave loyalty/service in exchange for land |
| Nomads | People that move around a lot |
| Yurt | Portable round tent that the Mongolians used |
| Temujin/Chinggis/Genghis Khan | Founder of the Mongolian empire; rose from the bottom of society; united Mongolia and reorganized it to create a bureaucracy |
| Khanates and their names | Golden Hordes (northeast), Yuan Dynasty/Great Khanate (China), Ilkhanate (southeast and Persia), and the Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia) |
| Gerege | A tablet carried by Mongolian officials to show authority |
| Marco Polo | A European explorer who visited Mongolia and brought back stories of his travels |
| Rishad al-Din | Muslim leader against the crusades |
| Pachakuti | Son of an Incan regent; expanded the empire across the Andes |
| Quechua | Official language of the Incan empire |
| Khipu/Quipu | Cord with knots used for recording information in the Incan empire |
| Maize | Corn |
| Hiram Bingham | Publicized the existence of Machu Picchu |
| Cenote | A natural pit used in Maya as a well for irrigation and sacrificial rituals |
| Obsidian | A mineral found in Maya that could be sharpened very sharp, and was traded |
| Quetzalcoatl | Mayan feather serpent major god dude thingy |
| Popul Vuh | Mayan creation story written post-Spanish conquest |
| Toltec | Group of people that took over Teotihuacan and would influence the Aztecs |
| Teotihuacan | Mayan trade city |
| Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec empire; island in the middle of a lake |
| Chinampa | Agriculture style where plots of soil were created in a lake |
| Triple Alliance | Aztecs and two other city-states buddied up |
| Huitzilopochtli | Aztec sun and war god that showed them the city of Tenochtitlan |
| Social Organization in the Aztec Empire | Emperor w/ absolute power who was basically a god, nobles, commoners, and slaves (usually prisoners of war) |
| Moctezuma II | Emperor of the Aztec empire at their end; taken prisoner by Cortes |
| Galley | Ship with a lot of storage room |
| Caravel | Small and fast Spanish or Portuguese ship |
| Compass | A direction thingy (duh) that helped the Europeans on their travels |
| Astrolabe | An instrument used to make astrological measurements |
| Ptolemy's Geography | Written by Ptolemy; an early atlas |
| Henry the Navigator | Prince who, while he didn't go on many himself, sent expeditions to the west African coast |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer who, while sailing for Spain, "discovered" America |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese explorer whose crew was the first to sail all the way around the world |
| Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas |
| Atuahualpa | Incan ruler that was kidnapped and held for ransom |
| La Malinche | Interpreter for Cortes when he was conquering |
| Triangular Trade | Trade between Europe, the Americas, and Africa |
| Columbian Exchange | Trade across the Atlantic Ocean |
| Sugar Plantations | Most of the Portuguese slaves worked on these; worst place to work |
| Bartolome de las Casas | Priest who spoke out against the enslavement of the slaves, causing the settlers to get more slaves from Africa |
| Dutch East India Co. | Founded in 1602; gave the Dutch power in the 17th century |
| Britain's North American colonies | Had 400k slaves at the beginning, grew to 2 million by 1830 |
Created by:
hmayo
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