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Cold War in Europe*1

Final WH

QuestionAnswer
Cold War a rivalry between the US and USSR over how the world should run --> capitalism vs communism, politics, & a contest of who has more allies
Brinkmanship the idea that each side pushes the other to see how close to war they can get -->arms race
Détente trying to get along; the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.
Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam conferences in general Potsdam=did not rid divide btwn Stalin & Truman/Churchill Truman TC Man. Proj.->shifted power to US US&Britain split Euro w/ USSR over which polit. & econ ideas dommed Stalin agreed E. Euro ctrys free elections-Yalta allowed Svt dominance over E. Euro
Communism vs capitalism communism = command economy: government usually controls the means of production and makes all important economic decisions capitalism = free trade: economic system based on individualism, promotes liberty over govt regulation and control
Communism vs democracy Democracy: one of the political goals of the US; a political system with the idea that authority in society rests with the people Communism: one of the political goals of the USSR; dictatorships-many decisions made by govt often single/political party
Iron curtain 1945-1947 dividing line between Western and Eastern Europe by the Soviet Union after WWII, hard for either to cross the line
Truman The US President during the start of the Cold War
Stalin The USSR president during the start of the Cold war - died in 1953 and power turned to Nikita Krushchev
Containment & Kennan* The US' strategic goal: US couldn't completely rid of communism so they wanted to contain it in the USSR to prevent it from spreading to other ctrys
Truman Doctrine Start On 3/12/1947, Truman asked congress for $400 mil. in military and econ. assistance for Greece - Communist-led insurgency rose & Turkey - weak government faced Svt pressure to share control of Dardanelles Straits
Marshall Plan U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II. It was enacted in 1948 and provided more than $15 billion to help finance rebuilding efforts on the continent
Cominform and COMECON (general purpose) Soviets understood TD and MP were ways to keep comm. from spreading --> threatened Svt idea of E. Euro countries being protection-->Svt agencies pressured E. European countries to use communism were COMINFORM = political, COMECON = economic
Khrushchev Leader of USSR after Stalin's death in 1953, pro-demo leaders across E. Euro mistakenly thought K would allow more freedom=>1956 Hungary&Poland tried to get free but crushed, 1968 same w/Czech
Berlin blockade and airlift 1947-48 attempt by USSR 2 limit US, GB & France to travel to their sectors of Berlin inside Russian-occupied E. Germany. blocked access west zones of B. ~2.5 mil. no access 2 basic goods. West powers airlift lasted ~year & delivered supplies 2 W. Berlin
Arms race US & USSR built ^ powerful weapons-->MAD (mutually assured destruction-->nuclear attack by one superpower=overwhelming nuclear counterattack->both attacker&defender annihilated) 1969 both sides worried MAD led to accidental war, US & USSR reduced weapons
NATO and Warsaw Pact NATO: US & W. Europe military alliance Warsaw Pact: USSR & E. Europe military alliance NATO and Warsaw Pact were two ideologically opposed military and security entities of the Cold War
Prague spring brief period of economic and political liberalization in Czech under Alexander Dubček from Jan. 1968 to Aug. 1968 when USSR invaded
Gorbachev 1985 leader of USSR - Throughout 1989 voiced support for reformist communists in the Soviet-bloc countries of eastern Europe; summer of 1990 he had agreed to the reunification of East with West Germany; compromise btwn communist and democracy
Glasnost openness/transparency: Gorbachev wanted to increase leader's willingness to listen to citizens' complaints and to react to them. Policy upended totalitarian/communist political system
Perestroika reform - improve weak Soviet econ. but grew into overhauling command/comm. econ. system
Solidarity and Lech Walesa Lech Walesa: chairman & spokesperson of the Polish trade union 1980 - 1st independent labor union in a country belonging to the Soviet bloc - heavily suppressed by Polish govt but came back in 1989, becoming 1st non-comm. govt in postwar E Euro
1) What were the conflicting political and economic goals of the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War? US political: democracy, no colonies, self-determination USSR political: communism, buffer nations in E. Europe as protection US econ: free trade capitalism USSR econ: command economy
2) What policies did the United States follow to contain the Soviet Union? Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
3) How did economic and political instability in Greece and Turkey lead to major U.S. policies to fight communism? Bc of communist and Soviet bullying in Greece and Turkey respectively, Truman wanted to help provide aid to them-->Truman Doctrine: US support countries intimidated by soviets or communism
4) Why did the US and USSR form rival defensive alliances? 1949, the prospect of further Communist expansion prompted the United States and other West nations to form NATO. The Soviet Union & Communist nations in Eastern Europe founded a rival alliance in response to NATO, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955.
5) How did the Cold War end in Europe? a. match leader of the anti-communist movement with country (when that information was included in the reading/ graphic organizer) b. Know general important action/event that sparked downfall of communism in USSR, E. Germany, Poland
6) What are 5 reasons communism ended in Europe? 1) frustration - temp. WWII divisions continued perm. after war 2) fear of nukes 3) resentment - command econs failed 2 make living stand. better/^ quality 4) Slow shift from "powerful" to "powerless" 5) Unexpected ^ of independent stand. for morality
SALT and SALT I Strategic Arms Limitation Talks: series of bilateral conferences & international treaties signed btwn US/ USSR 5/26/72 agreed to limited # of ballistic missiles, limited # of missile deployment sites, principle of non-interference
SALT II Ban on construction new intercontinental ballistic missiles, each country limited strategic nuclear delivery vehicles & independently targetable reentry vehicles Never officially enacted but both sides honored treaty until 1985 expiration
Truman Doctrine principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or Communist insurrection
7) How did the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union directly impact the lives of Europeans?
8) How did the Cold War manifest itself in the military and in space? 1. military alliances 4 defense created (NATO/Warsaw pact), 2. US/USSR built increasingly stronger weapons->mutually assured destruction->leaders scared MAD lead 2 accidental war->US/USSR both↓weapons, 3. US/USSR developed space programs 2 send ppl 2 moon
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