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AP9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Radio | One of the first new ways of communication in the 1900's |
| Internet | A global network connecting millions of computers, making it possible to exchange information. |
| Green Revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. |
| Crossbreeding | when members of different species breed together. |
| genetic engineering | Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms |
| Shipping Containers | large metal boxes used to store goods on ships; can be easily removed from ships to a train or semi truck trailer |
| Antibiotic | a medicine used to save lives because it destroys harmful bacteria and cures infections |
| Birth control | the practice of preventing unwanted pregnancies, typically by use of contraception. |
| fertility rate | the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her country |
| Vaccine | substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity |
| Pandemic | Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. |
| Epidemic | a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. |
| Smallpox | The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease. |
| Malaria | A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood. |
| Doctors Without Borders | non-governmental organization that helps people in war-torn regions and aids developing countries facing endemic disease. |
| Tuberculosis | An infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs |
| cholera | an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food |
| Jonas Salk | Developed the polio vaccine in 1952 |
| Albert Sabin | Developed an even better, oral vaccine for polio and used it to allow for the eradication of polio. |
| Polio | A highly contagious infectious disease of the spinal cord caused by a filterable virus. |
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | The most advanced, and fatal, stage of an HIV infection. |
| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | a virus that attacks the immune system |
| Ebola | A contagious viral disease originating in Africa. It is transmitted by blood and body fluids and causes body organs and vessels to leak blood, usually resulting in death. |
| Heart Disease | An abnormal organic condition of the heart or of circulation. |
| Alzheimer's disease | a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning |
| Antiretroviral drugs | Used to treat infections caused by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS |
| Heart Transplant | the surgical replacement of a diseased heart with a healthy one |
| Christiaan Barnard | performed the first human heart transplant |
| Robert Jarvik | Creator of the first artificial heart |
| artificial heart | a pump designed to fit into the human chest cavity and perform the heart's function of pumping blood around the body |
| Deforestation | The loss of Earth's trees as a result of cutting down trees so the land could be used for agriculture |
| Desertification | The removal of the natural vegetation cover through expansion and intensive use of agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid lands |
| Air Quality | Declined as a result of pollutants in the air |
| Causes of Environmental Changes | Population Growth, Urbanization, Globalization, Industrialization |
| Effects on Environmental Changes | Resource Depletion, Inequality & Scarce Resources, Changes in the Atmosphere, Development of Renewable Energy Sources, Increasing Environmental Awareness |
| Renewable Energy | Energy that is derived from resources that are continously replenished, such as wind, solar, tidal, and geothermal power. New techniques and technologiies have reduced costs of these resources. |
| Green Party | A minor party dedicated to the environment, social justice, nonviolence, and the foreign policy of nonintervention. Ralph Nader ran as the Green party's nominee in 2000. |
| Green Belt Movement | A nongovernmental organization created to protect trees in and around Nairobi, Kenya, led by Nobel Prize-winning environmental and political activist Wangari Maathai |
| Global Warming | An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes) |
| Carbon Footprint | The amount of carbon dioxide that each person produces. One of the key contributers to global warming. |
| Kyoto Protocol | Controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries |
| Paris Agreement | Establishment of protocols dealing with greenhouse gas emissions by the United Nations |
| Greta Thunberg | A Swedish environmental activist who is internationally known for challenging world leaders to take immediate action against climate change. |
| Extinction Rebellion | A global environmental movement with the stated aim of using nonviolent civil disobedience to compel government action to avoid tipping points in the climate system, biodiversity loss, and the risk of social and ecological collapse. |
| Anthropocene | The current historical era in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways. It means "new man." |
| Economic Liberalization | Opening up of a country's economy. |
| Free Markets | Markets that are allowed to operate without undue interference from the government. Margaret Thatcher of Great Britain and Ronald Reagan of the US supported this. |
| Augusto Pinochet | Chilean military leader who in a coup deposed Salvador Allende - communist, elected leader - created one party rule dictatorship - ruled w/ iron fist - human rights abuses |
| Salvador Allende | Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack. |
| Chicago Boys | Chilean economists who formulated Chile's economic policies. They studied under free-market economist Milton Friedman. Their reforms were unpopular because Pinochet used repression to enact them. |
| Deng Xiaoping | His policies in the 80s & 90s, led to the four modernizations, introduced elements of capitalism, & increased trade with the West. His policy replaced communes, allowed factories to produce more consumer products, and reopened the Shanghai stock market. |
| Tiananmen Square | Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. |
| Knowledge Economy | It creates, distributes, and uses knowledge and information. It includes designers, engineers, and teachers. The US has examples of this in the Silicon Valley of California. |
| Knowledge Economy In Finland | When the Soviet Union collapsed, they lost one of its main customers of manufactured goods but was able to recover by entering the global marketplace and establishing the Science and Technology Policy Council. |
| Japanese Economic Growth | The government encouraged exports by coordinating finance and labor policies with larger corporations, discouraged imports through high tariffs, and by focusing on education. |
| Asian Tigers | Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. The success of this group raised hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. |
| Manufacturing in Vietnam & Bangladesh | Lower labor costs allowed them to become known for their exports of clothing. Largest productions are clothing and phones. Workers in both locations have mounted strikes, protesting both low wages and poor working conditions. |
| Manufacturing in Mexico & Honduras | As a result of NAFTA, the US and Canadian industries built maquiladoras, or factories using low-wage labor to produce tariff-free goods for foreign exports. Labor unions challenged to export of US jobs to these regions. |
| Mercosur | The largest Latin American trade agreement; includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay |
| Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) | A trading alliance of 10 Southeast Asian nations |
| General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT) | International treaty that committed signatories to lowering barriers to the free flow of goods across national borders. |
| Protective Tariffs | Taxes on foreign imports. Prior to GATT, the world average for this was at 40%. After GATT , it lowered to below 5 %. |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | A permanent global institution to promote international trade and to settle international trade disputes. Took over GATT's operations. They govern over 90% of all international trade. |
| Multinational Corporation | An organization that manufactures & markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management. They take advantage of both knowledge economies & more traditional manufacturing and industrial economies. |
| Nelson Mandela | ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994. |
| Negritude | Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements. |
| Leopold Senghor | part of negritude movement, which rejected negative views of Africa, wrote "Black Woman", later takes role in Senegal's drive to independence and would serve as it's 1st president |
| Pope Francis | He is the current Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church |
| Liberation Theology | a movement within the Catholic church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor and oppressed, with a focus on fighting injustice |
| W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963) | A black orator and essayist. Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's theories, and took a militant position on race relations. |
| Desmond Tutu | This man was the leading spokesman of passive resistance to apartheid in the 1980's. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 for his attempts to replace apartheid with a racially equal South African society. |
| F. W. de Klerk | Elected as the last white South African president in 1989. He legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison. This started a new era in South Africa and ended apartheid |
| Wangari Maathai | Started the Green Belt Movement in Kenya |
| Earth Day | A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970 |
| Greenpeace | an international organization that works for environmental conservation and the preservation of endangered species |
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights | A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights. |
| UNICEF | An agency of the United Nations responsible for programs to aid education and the health of children and mothers in developing countries |
| International Court of Justice | a court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations |
| human rights | the basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings |
| Refugees | People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. |
| Civil Rights Act | outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin |
| Voting Rights Act | law that banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration |
| Apartheid | Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. |
| Pass Laws | laws in South Africa that stated blacks had to carry passbooks to show where they lived and worked. Blacks could also own land only in homelands, and couldn't be out after dark |
| African National Congress (ANC) | the main organization that opposed apartheid and pushed for majority rule in South Africa; later a political party |
| Pariah State | a country which is diplomatically and economically isolated by the global community because its behavior violates international norms |
| Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) | Sought to restore and establish an atmosphere of of trust in new, multi-racial South Africa; Set up a series of 19 public hearings designed to expose the truth of human right violations that occurred during Apartheid |
| Dalits | Members of India's "lowest" caste; literally, "broken people." Also called "Untouchables." |
| Hari Krishna | Spinoff of Hinduism that worships Krishna |
| New Age | a novel blend of magic and religion, ancient and futuristic beliefs, and utilitarian and mystical ethics and philosophies |
| Falun Gong | Chinese spiritual movement suppressed by the government since the late 1990s |
| nonbelievers | People like Muslims and Jews. They aren't threatening christianity. |
| Olympic Games | An athletic competition held every four years that brings the nations together |
| World Cup | International soccer competition held by FIFA every 4 years between the 32 qualifying nations; the most watched event in the world. |
| consumer culture | a culture in which personal worth and identity reside not in the people themselves but in the products with which they surround themselves |
| Modernism | A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement. |
| popular culture | Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. |
| Bollywood | Indian version of Hollywood (film industry), centered in Mumbai (formerly Bombay) |
| anime | Japanese style of animation |
| Reggae | A style of music that developed in Jamaica in the 1960s and is rooted in African, Caribbean, and American music, often dealing with social problems and religion. |
| K-Pop | The Republic of Korea's (South Korea's) vibrant music scene of government-supported girl and boy bands. |
| Americanization | Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens |
| Malala Yousafzai | A Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate. |
| throwaway culture | rejection of a circular model of production in which everything is used and reused |
| global brand | a brand marketed under the same name in multiple countries with similar and centrally coordinated marketing programs |
| streaming video | Transmitting video files that can begin playing over the Internet as the remaining data is still being downloaded |
| Online Commerce | The buying/selling of goods/services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the Internet. |
| social media | any tool or service that uses the internet to facilitate conversations |
| Muhammad Yunus | Founder of the Grameen Bank microlending institution |
| Theresa May | Prime Minister of Great Britain |
| Child Labor | Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories. |
| Rana Plaza factory | Factory in Bangladesh that collapsed killing thousands of women and causing alarm for factories to implement safety measures |
| Ecotourism | the practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment |
| fair trade | Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards. |
| sustainable development | Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. |
| debt relief | the partial or total remission of debts, especially those owed by developing countries to external creditors. |
| debt restructuring | a method used by countries to alter the terms of their debt agreements in order to achieve some advantage |
| Brexit | The British Exit from the European Union |
| Uighurs | a group of Muslim, Turkic speaking people from central Asia |
| Amazon | Commerce platform worldwide |
| Chinese Twitter; regulated by government | |
| General Assembly (UN) | The main representative organ of the United Nations. |
| Security Council (UN) | Body charged primarily with maintaining international peace and security. |
| Secretariat | The staff of the UN, headed by the secretary-general |
| secretary-general | a title given to the principal administrator of some organizations, most notably the United Nations. |
| Economic and Social Council | the component of the UN handling matters considered economic or social, broadly defined |
| Trusteeship Council | one of the principal organs of the United Nations, was established to help ensure that trust territories were administered in the best interests of their inhabitants and of international peace and security. |
| World Bank | A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. |
| International Monetary Foundation | Regulates worldwide commerce |
| peacekeeping action | actions taken to keep the peace |
| World Food Program (WFP) | Provides direct food aid and food for work interventions during shocks |
| UNESCO | United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; designates world heritage sites |
| Human Rights Watch (HRW) | An international non-governmental organization which monitors and reports on countries which breach human rights |
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